Artificial Intelligence AI Lecture No 1 Disciplines which

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Lecture No. 1

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Lecture No. 1

Disciplines which form the core of AI- inner circle Fields which draw from these

Disciplines which form the core of AI- inner circle Fields which draw from these disciplines- outer circle. Robotics NLP (Natural Language Processing) Expert Systems Search, Reasoning, Learning Planning Computer Vision

Agenda Ø Ø Ø Ø Intelligence of computer Artificial intelligence Intelligent computing Vs Conventional

Agenda Ø Ø Ø Ø Intelligence of computer Artificial intelligence Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing Contribution of other fields to AI History of AI Applications of AI References 10/3/2020

Intelligence? 10/3/2020

Intelligence? 10/3/2020

Can Intelligence be defined? Ø Ø Intelligence can not be defined abstractly There are

Can Intelligence be defined? Ø Ø Intelligence can not be defined abstractly There are probably as many definitions of intelligence as there are experts who study it. 10/3/2020

Intelligence (defination) Ø from "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an editorial statement by fifty-two

Intelligence (defination) Ø from "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an editorial statement by fifty-two researchers: v. A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly (conceptually), comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. ü (Gottfredson, L. S. , 1997). 10/3/2020

Intelligence Ø from "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" (1995), a report published by the Board

Intelligence Ø from "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" (1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association: v Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. ü (Neisser, 1997) and (Perloff, 1996) 10/3/2020

Other definitions of intelligence Ø Ø capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms

Other definitions of intelligence Ø Ø capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude (ability) in grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc. the faculty(perceptual powers of the mind ) of understanding. knowledge of an event, circumstance, etc. , received or imparted; news; information. the gathering or distribution of information, especially secret information ü www. dictionary. com 10/3/2020

Intelligence (summary) Ø Intelligence is the ability of: v abstract thought( Apart from a

Intelligence (summary) Ø Intelligence is the ability of: v abstract thought( Apart from a particular case or instance) v understanding v communication (The activity of conveying information) v Reasoning (Logical thinking) v Learning(Acquiring skill or knowledge) v planning (Process of thinking about what to do in the event of something happening) v problem solving 10/3/2020

Intelligence of computer Ø According to the British computer scientist Alan Turing's test in

Intelligence of computer Ø According to the British computer scientist Alan Turing's test in (1950): v “a computer would deserves to be called intelligent if it could deceive a human into believing that it was human. ” 10/3/2020

Artificial Intelligence? Ø ? ? ? 10/3/2020

Artificial Intelligence? Ø ? ? ? 10/3/2020

Artificial Intelligence Ø “A branch of a computer science which studies the development of

Artificial Intelligence Ø “A branch of a computer science which studies the development of software and hardware which simulates human intelligence” ü (Dr. Ghassan Issa) 10/3/2020

Artificial Intelligence Ø AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent

Artificial Intelligence Ø AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, computer systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior- v Understanding languages, v learning, v reasoning, v solving ü problems, and so on. (Barr and Feigenbaum, 1981) 10/3/2020

Other Definitions of AI …. Ø “AI is the study of how to make

Other Definitions of AI …. Ø “AI is the study of how to make computer do things at which, at the moment, people are better” ü Ø (Rich and Knight, 1991) “AI is the study of idea that enable computers to be intelligent” ü (Patrick H. Winston) 10/3/2020

“AI is a collection of hard problems which can be solved by humans and

“AI is a collection of hard problems which can be solved by humans and other living things, but for which we don’t have good algorithms for solving”. –e. g. , understanding spoken natural language, medical diagnosis, circuit design, learning, self-adaptation, reasoning, chess playing, proving math theories, etc

Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing Intelligent Computing Conventional Computing 1 Does not guarantee a

Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing Intelligent Computing Conventional Computing 1 Does not guarantee a 1 solution to a given problem. Guarantees a solution to a given problem. 2 Results may not be reliable 2 and consistent Results are consistent and reliable. 3 Programmer does not tell 3 the system how to solve the given problem. Programmer tells the system exactly how to solve the problem 4 Can solve a range of 4 problems in a given domain. Can solve only one problem at a time in a given domain 10/3/2020

Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing … Ø Conventional: v Based on algorithms whose instructions

Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing … Ø Conventional: v Based on algorithms whose instructions are stored in memory and executed in sequential way. Ø AI Computing: v Not ü based on algorithms but based on: Knowledge base (symbolic representation) v Uses reasoning and inferencing over the knowledge base to search and perform pattern matching. 10/3/2020

Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing … 10/3/2020

Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing … 10/3/2020

Contributions of other disciplines to AI Ø Philosophy Ø Mathematics Ø Economics Neuroscience Ø

Contributions of other disciplines to AI Ø Philosophy Ø Mathematics Ø Economics Neuroscience Ø Ø 10/3/2020 Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language, rationality (wisdom) Formal representation and proof of algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability utility, decision theory how do brain process information (neuron operation)

Abridged history of artificial intelligence Ø Ø 1941 first electric computer was developed 1943

Abridged history of artificial intelligence Ø Ø 1941 first electric computer was developed 1943 Mc. Culloch & Pitts: v Ø Boolean circuit model of brain 1949 Ø 10/3/2020 first “stored program” computer was introduced

Abridged history of artificial intelligence Ø Ø Ø Ø 1965 expert system DENDRAL started

Abridged history of artificial intelligence Ø Ø Ø Ø 1965 expert system DENDRAL started at Stanford Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning 1966 expert system MACSYMA started at MIT 1969— 79 Early development of knowledge-based systems 1970 implementation of the Prolog language 1972 expert system MYCIN developed at Stanford 1972 SHRDLU natural language robot demonstrated at MIT 10/3/2020

Abridged history of artificial intelligence Ø Ø Ø 1980 -- 1981 -- AI becomes

Abridged history of artificial intelligence Ø Ø Ø 1980 -- 1981 -- AI becomes an industry Commercial NLP system “Intellect” available from NLP group 1986 -- Neural networks return to popularity 1987 -AI becomes a science 1995 -The emergence of intelligent agents 1995 -2007 HLAI (Human Level AI): v Ø AI should return to its roots of striving "machines that think, that learn” Hays and Efros (2007) v discuss the problem of filling in holes in a photograph 10/3/2020

Abridged history of artificial intelligence Ø 2008 --Artificial General Intelligence or AGI looks for

Abridged history of artificial intelligence Ø 2008 --Artificial General Intelligence or AGI looks for a universal algorithm for learning and acting in any environment (Halevy et al_ 2009) v learning algorithm v Ø 10/3/2020

Applications of AI Ø Ø Ø Ø Game playing General problem solving Expert system

Applications of AI Ø Ø Ø Ø Game playing General problem solving Expert system Natural language Processing Computer vision Robotics Education Others 10/3/2020

References Ø Gottfredson, L. S. (1997). "Foreword to "intelligence and social policy"" Intelligence 24

References Ø Gottfredson, L. S. (1997). "Foreword to "intelligence and social policy"" Intelligence 24 (1): 1– 12. doi: 10. 1016/S 0160 -2896(97)90010 -6. http: //www. udel. edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997 specialissue. pdf. Ø Neisser, U. ; Boodoo, G. ; Bouchard Jr, T. J. ; Boykin, A. W. ; Brody, N. ; Ceci, S. J. ; Halpern, D. F. ; Loehlin, J. C. ; Perloff, R. ; Sternberg, R. J. ; Others, (1998). "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns". Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development 1997. ISBN 9780876308707. http: //books. google. com/? id=g. LWnm. Vb. Kd. Lw. C&pg=PA 95&dq=Intelligence: +Knowns+and +unknowns. Ø Perloff, R. ; Sternberg, R. J. ; Urbina, S. (1996). "Intelligence: knowns and unknowns". American Psychologist 51. Ø Dr. Ghassan Issa, Artificial intelligence, retrieved from: http: //www. uop. edu. jo/issa/ai/aipart 1. htm, retrieved date: 04 Oct, 2011. 10/3/2020

References Ø Crash Course in Artificial Intelligence and Expert systems by Louise E. Frenzel.

References Ø Crash Course in Artificial Intelligence and Expert systems by Louise E. Frenzel. Ø Ø Chapter No. 1 Artificial Intelligence - A Modern Approach 3 rd ed - S. Russell, P. Norvig (Prentice-Hall, 2010) WW Ø Chapter No. 1 10/3/2020

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