Aim To use case studies to answer What

Aim: To use case studies to answer What role does biology play in memory? Where are memories stored? Do Now: • Take out your HW • Discuss Project - How will you modify your behavior? • Show exemplar Homework: • Read text pps. . 373 – 382 • Behavior Modification – Day 1 Today

Modification Apply one of these CLASSICAL OPERANT • US UR CS CR • Aversive Conditioning • • • Reinforcements (+/-) Punishments (+/-) Shaping Continuous reinforcement Token Economy

The Case of H. M. (Henry Molaison) • Grand mal seizures starting at 16 • Lobotomies to treat mental disorders, no drugs yet • Removal of most of the hippocampus and the amygdala What problems did he have? What can we learn about memory from HM? What type of amnesia did he have?

Retrograde vs Anterograde

Dual-Track Processing: Explicit and Implicit Memories Explicit/ “declarative” memories. These are facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall. Our minds acquire this information through effortful processing. Explicit memories are formed through studying, rehearsing, thinking, processing, and then storing information in long-term memory. Some memories are formed without going through all the Atkinson-Shiffrin stages. These are implicit memories, the ones we are not fully aware of and thus don’t “declare”/talk about. These memories are typically formed through automatic processing. Implicit memories are formed without our awareness that we are building a memory, and without rehearsal or other processing in working memory.

Automatic Processing Some experiences go directly to long-term implicit memory Some experiences are processed automatically into implicit memory, without any effortful/working memory processing: § procedural memory, such as knowing how to ride a bike, and well-practiced knowledge such as word meanings § conditioned associations, such as a smell that triggers thoughts of a favorite place § information about space, such as being able to picture where things are after walking through a room § information about time, such as retracing a sequence of events if you lost something § information about frequency, such as thinking, “I just noticed that this is the third texting driver I’ve passed today. ”

Explicit vs. Implicit Memories §Explicit Memory § memory of facts (semantic memories) and experiences (episodic memories) that one can consciously know and declare § also called declarative memory § hippocampus-- helps process explicit memories for storage §Implicit Memory § retention independent of conscious recollection § also called procedural memory (how to do) § cerebellum- helps process implicit memories for storage

Clive Wearing • Musician and composer • Damage to hippocampus and frontal lobes • Anterograde amnesia AND retrograde amnesia • How does his amnesia affect his consciousness/ life? • 0– 7 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Omki. Mlv. LKto

What role in memory does each serve? Task: Based upon the case studies and determine what role each of the following parts plays in the formation of memories. • Hippocampus Encodes explicit memories to LTM Muscle memory, implicit memories • Cerebellum • Amygdala Encodes emotional memories • Medial Temporal Lobe Encode explicit memory to LTM • Pre-Frontal Cortex Processes memories involving sequencing of events. Store STM

Where are memories stored?

Storing Memories in the Brain 1. Using rats, Lashley (1950) suggested that • even after removing parts of the brain, the • animals retain partial memory of the maze. • Concluded that there was no memory localization 2. Through electrical stimulation of the brain, Wilder Penfield (1967) concluded that old memories were etched into the brain ‘s temporal lobe 3. Loftus and Loftus (1980) reviewed Penfield‘s data and showed that only a handful of brain stimulated patients reported flashbacks. • Memories are stored where they are processed!

HSAM – Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory • What can we learn about memory from HSAM persons? • https: //www. yo utube. com/watc h? v=o. He. EQ 85 m 79 I

“Forgetfulness is a form of freedom. ” Khalil Gibran § Jill Price (b. 1965) has hyperthymesia; she not only recalls everything, but is unable to forget anything. § For Jill, both the important and the mundane are always accessible, forming a “running movie” of images and information that run simultaneously with current stimuli. Jill Price, patient “A. J. ” § She has said, “I’ll be talking to Woman Who Cant Forget http: //www. youtube. com/watc someone and [also] seeing h? v=Soxs. MMV 538 U something else…. ” Another possible problem if we were unable to forget: we might not focus well on current stimuli because of intrusive memories.

• In what ways is memory important for survival? • How does forgetting aid our survival?

Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositionsclassical and operant conditioning effects

The Brain – Module 16 Where are memories stored? • http: //www. learner. org/resources/series 142. html#

Where are memories stored? • There is no one place • – Different parts of the brain are specialized for • different types of information

The Brain: The Universe Within – Memory • Where are memories stored? • What life does a person without the ability to create new memories live? How can they compensate for their inability? • How does this inability affect their sense of self? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Amxf_tdw 6 Ak

Aim: To use case studies to answer …what role does biology play in memory? Where are memories stored? Do Now: Identify which function is associated with the following parts of your brain. • Hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala, temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex Homework: • Behavior Modification – Day 2 Today • Enjoy your break. Have a safe and Happy New Year • Behavior Modification paper due Monday January 9 th

Who remembered the envelope? Why? • What factors influence our ability to recall information? • What conclusions can we draw from this experiment?

Effortful Processing Strategies Rehearsal and Distributed Practice Massed Practice refers to cramming information all at once. It is not time-effective. The best way to § The spacing effect was first noted by practice? Consider the Hermann Ebbinghaus in the late testing effect. Henry 1800 s. You will develop better Roediger (b. 1947) retention and recall, especially in the found that if your long run, if you use the same amount distributed practice of study time spread out over many includes testing shorter sessions. (having to answer § This doesn’t mean you have to study questions about the every day. Memory researcher Harry material), you will Bahrick noted that the longer the time learn more and retain between study sessions, the better more than if you the long-term retention, and the merely reread. fewer sessions you need!

Effortful Processing Strategies Deep/Semantic Processing When encoding information, we are more likely to retain it if we deeply process even a simple word list by focusing on the semantics (meaning) of the words. “Shallow, ” unsuccessful processing refers to memorizing the appearance or sound of words.

Messing with Long-Term Potentiation § Chemicals and shocks that prevent long-term potentiation (LTP) can prevent learning and even erase recent learning. § Preventing LTP keeps new memories from consolidating into long-term memories. For example, mice forget how to run a maze. § Drugs that boost LTP help mice learn a maze more quickly and with fewer mistakes.

Flashbulb Memories • Brown and Kulik 1977 • What seems to be a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (as if they are frozen in time with details intact) but are not always complete or accurate § Research shows strong emotions make for stronger memories – perhaps for survival. § Research shows short term stress (like adrenaline) increases retention § Memory is an active process as time passes memory fades, we change, fill in gaps etc We remember the gist. Space Shuttle Challenger Crash

Stress Hormones & Memory • Extreme stress undermines learning and later recall • Prolonged stress (associated with cortisol and epinephrine) act on brain centers in the brain, it can corrode neural connections and destroy hippocampus • How does this apply to an exam?

Role of Sleep in Memories • Sleep helps with the consolidation of memories. • Studies show sleep deprivation diminishes memories.

How are memories formed? • Changes in synaptic connections among neural cells • – Called long-term potentiation

Forgetting § Retroactive Interference Percentage 90% of syllables 80 recalled 70 Without interfering events, recall is better After sleep 60 50 40 30 20 10 After remaining awake 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours elapsed after learning syllables 8

Extraordinary Memory • Edictic Memory -”Photographic Memory” • Mnemonists -people who are highly skilled at memory techniques

Aim: What is the Biological Basis of Memory? 1. True or False When people go around a circle saying their names, their poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them. 2. Our experiences are etched on our brain, just as the grooves on a tape receive and retain recorded messages. 3. Stressful experiences increase recall. 4. Memories of highly emotional events are recorded in greater detail. 5. Cramming all night will improve performance.