1960s The United States in the 1960s 1960

1960’s

The United States in the 1960’s • 1960 - Lunch counter sit-in: 4 African-American students sit at segregated lunch counter and are refused service • 1961 - JFK gives his “Man on the Moon” speech - wants to send a man safely to the moon by end of the decade • 1963 - JFK is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, TX • 1963 - Civil Rights March on Washington, DC and MLK Jr’s “I Have a Dream” speech • 1964 - Civil Rights Act: outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin • 1965 - US sends 3500 troops to Vietnam

The United States in the 1960’s • 1967 - 3 astronauts are killed in a flash fire during a simulated launch • 1967 - Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African-American Supreme Court Justice • 1968 - MLK Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, TN • 1968 - Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated in Los Angeles, CA • 1969 - Neil Armstrong becomes the first man on the moon

How did music move society forward?

Television Ownership in the US 1949 - 3. 6 million people owned TVs in the US 1960 - 67. 1 million people owned TVs in the US How do you imagine this trend might have affected teenagers in particular? What things might they have been exposed to that they had not been exposed to in earlier times? How do you imagine the people who were in charge of television programming might have tried to engage teenage audiences?

The Twist

The Twist on Magazines

American Bandstand

The Buddy Deane Show

Seventeen Show

Teen Time

Teen Idols

Early 60’s- 1 st major revision: Teen Idols- business decision by record companies to save industry following payola scandal (harmless music no one could challenge) Frankie Avalon - “Venus” Paul Anke - “Put Your Head On My Shoulder” Annette Funicello - “Puppy Love” Ricky Nelson - “Travelin’ Man” Dion & the Belmonts - “Teenager in Love” American Bandstand (Dick Clark) plays more clean cut/acceptable; less substance music - moves away from James Dean “rebel image”

Girl Groups Post Payola

Post-Payola (1962 -63) “Bubblegum Songs" Don Kirschner - masterminds Rn. R takeover via songwriters • Neil Sedaka & Howie Greenfield • Barry Mann & Cyntha Weil • Carole King & Gerry Goffin 2 One Fine Day - The Chiffons • Ellie Greenwich & Jeff Barry 3 Be My Baby - The Ronettes • Doc Pumus & Mort Schuman • Neil Diamond The Crystals - Da Do Run 3 The Shirelles - Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow 2 (1 st #1 by all girl grp) Shangi-La’s - Leader of the Pack 3 Phil Spector - owns Philly Records (NY) producer/recorder

Soul Music

Created by Ray Charles (R&B + Gospel) I Gotta Woman - some people insulted 3 Major Labels: Motown, Stax/Volt, Atlantic Records Motown - created 1959, Berry Gordy in Detroit, MI Assembly-line approach (“white audience friendly”) Examples: Smokey Robinson & the Miracles, The Temptations, The Supremes, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Gladys Knight & the Pips

MOTOWN • Slower Tempo • Harmonies • Different rhythms • Sophisticated choreography • Lose sax lead for solo voice • Gospel influence • Black Pride • More mainstream 1 - Arranger/Producer 2 - Record with background instrumentalists (The Funk Bros) 3 - Public Image (manners, style) 4 - Chet Atkins, Choreographer Final Test: Leo’s Casino (“sink or swim”)

Two labels want to record Black Popular Music in its purest form: Stax/Volt & Atlantic Records Stax/Volt - Jim Stewart • Synonymous with Soul and R&B • aimed at Afro-American audience • did NOT cater to white audience Examples: Otis Redding, Eddie Floyd, Wilson Pickett, Sam & Dave, Isaac Hayes Atlantic Records - Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson Examples: Ray Charles (later), Aretha Franklin, James Brown

James Brown • 117 appearances on US Charts • Live at the Apollo (1962) - Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag, I Got You (I Feel Good), It’s a Man’s World • Civil Rights spokesperson - Appeals for calm in Boston on National TV following MLK’s assassination • Sets the scene for funk’s popularity

Other famous 60’s Afro-American Performers: Ritchie Havens - Folk Music Sly & the Family Stone - Black Hippie Jimi Hendrix - multiple genres, breaks into white charts

Jimi Hendrix

born: Seattle, WA • learned guitar listening to BB King, Muddy Waters, Buddy Guy • 1963 - sideman for Little Richard, Diana Ross & Supremes, Isley Bros. • 1965 - rejoins Little Richard, gets fired • goes to Greenwich village and thrives • 1 st band: Jimi James & the Blue Flames (Blues, R&B, Funk covers) • Meet’s Keith Richard’s gf, “borrows” a Fender Stratocaster • meets Chandler (Animals’ bassist) - goes to UK • introduced to Mitchell & Noel Redding; form JH Experience

• • 1966 - 1 st recording contract 1967 - 1 st album Are You Experienced? (Purple Haze, Hey Joe…) Immediately changes boundaries-what can be done with a guitar! 1967 - performs at Monterey Pop Festival 1969 - performs at Woodstock Festival (SSB) • wants to be a musicians’ musician - create epics, blend R&B+Rock+Jazz+Blues, etc… • Nov. 27, 1971 - booed @ Isle of Wight Festival (no standards) • 1971 - 3 weeks after last performance found dead (OD)

Surf Rock

Rock goes “underground” Post WW II CA: plentiful resources (lumber, oil, cash crops, etc…) • Offered tons of white collar jobs • By 1960’s - 25% of all government contracts • Spearheading the computer chip age • Silicon Valley (1950’s) - Western Electric, Raytheon, Motorola, … 1940 - 7 million people in CA 1960 - 15. 8 million 1962 - Expanding by 1700 daily

• “Gidget” (TV Show) introduces surf lingo to general public Original Surf Music: Dick Dale & the Del-Tones (Combine two passions: surf & guitar) worked closely with Leo Fender • Jan (Berry) & Dean (Torrence) - Convert to Surf Music in ’ 62 - Record Surfin’ & Surfin Safari with Beach Boys in ‘ 63 • Beach Boys - perfect themed songs: youth, beach, sunshine, innocence, fun - Great harmonies influenced by “Everly Bros. ” - Back beat guitar by Chuck Berry • “Drag City” - Same idea as surf rock but with cars

BEACH BOYS Brian Wilson - song writer & bass player Dennis Wilson - drummer Carl Wilson - lead guitar Mike Love - lead vocals Alan Jardine - rhythm guitar Dec 1961 - Record Surfin’ (but record co. ceases operations) May 1963 - sign to Capitol Records, release Surfin’ USA, Surfer Girl 1964 - top singles chart: I Get Around, Fun Fun, California Girls

Early 60’s Folk Music

Folk Music Revival of the ’ 60’s • Starts at college campuses • Sophisticated, young audience temporarily rejects Rn. R! • Leader of the Genre: Bob Dylan aka “Robert Allen Zimmerman” • obsessed with Woody Guthrie; also Elvis, Jerry Lee Lewis, Hank Williams, Robert Johnson • Writes songs that directly speak to what’s happening in country (political injustices) Socially Conscious Music • Becomes spokesperson for American people, Youth looks to Dylan for opinions & decisions

Bob Dylan - Blowin’ in the Wind

Bob Dylan “Times They Are A-Changin’”

Dylan • Greatly effects the Beatles (puts meaning into their music) • “Like A Rolling Stone” - doubles the length of play time for songs ~6 mins • Inspires other groups: The Byrds The Mamas & the Papas Sonny & Cher Simon & Garfunkel Other Important FOLK groups: Peter, Paul, Mary & Pete Seeger

Paul Simon & Art Garfunkel • Lots of recording ’ 58 -’ 62 • More polished sound (Classically trained musicians) The Sounds of Silence Scarborough Fair/Canticle Mrs. Robinson Bridge Over Trouble Waters (’ 70)

British Invasion

The Beatles • Members: John Lennon, Paul Mc. Cartney, George Harrison, Ringo “Starr” Starkey • October 1961 - Brian Epstein (local record store owner) talks his way into being the band manager • November 1963 - I Wanna Hold Your Hand coincides with JFK’s death • February 1964 - US debut on the Ed Sullivan Show in NYC April 1964 - Beatles occupy top 5 positions on billboard charts • August 1965 - Shea Stadium

The Beatles ● 1966 - JL remarks Beatles were bigger than Jesus ● 1967 - Release Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Heart’s Club Band album (catalyst for Progressive Rock in the 70 s) ● Aug 1967 - Brian Epstein dies of drug overdose ● Dec 1967 - Magical Mystery Tour (film): 1 st flop ● 1968 - Maharishi Makes Yogi spiritual weekend (with Dylan, Donovan, Wilson) ● 1968 - Release White Album - return to guitar based rock ● Final album - Abbey Road ● After August 1969, group is done but public does not know until Paul publicly announces on April 10, 1970 that he’s leaving

The Beatles ● December 1980 John is shot and killed outside his NY apartment by Mark David Chapman ● Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988

What key information can you discern from the text and images in this source? Do you think the arrival of the Beatles in America was worthy of headline news? Why or why not? How might this type of media coverage help build a larger fan base for the Beatles?

I Wanna Hold Your Hand This is from the Beatles’ first U. S. concert at the Washington Coliseum. Two days prior, they had appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show and 73 million people (or 45% of American households with televisions) tuned in to watch

Hey, Jude

Help

Read the Beatles Article “Building the Beatle Image” Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. You will turn it in as your ticket to leave. 1. What are the five ingredients of a craze? 2. Have you ever been swept up in a craze (music, sports, Pokemon, etc) How did it affect you? Are you still interested in this topic, or has your excitement fizzled out over time?

The Beatles - History ● March 1957 - The Black Jacks —> The Quarry Men ● July 1957 - John & Paul meet; Pete Shotton asks him to join ● Paul & George students @ Liverpool Institute HS for Boys ● August 1958 - George accepted into The Quarry Men (7 members total) ● 1959 - Quarry Men disband, lack of gigs & reform Johnny & the Moon Dogs ● Jan 1960 - Stu Sutcliffe invited to join ● May 1960 - renamed The Beetles (tribute to Buddy Holly & the Crickets); then Silver Beetles; then Silver Beatles (June)

The Beatles - History ● Aug 1960 - Pete Best, permanent drummer ● The Beatles gig in Hamburg, Germany until Dec 1 ● John Lennon & Paul Mc. Cartney - rhythm guitar/vocals, George Harrison - lead guitar/vocals, Stuart Sutcliffe - bass/vocals, Pete Best - drums ● 1 st Hamburg tour ends - GH underage, JL & PM arrested for attempted arson, SS leaves to be engaged to Astrid Kirchherr ● Feb 1961 - PB’s mom hooks Cavern Club gig, Alan William manager leaves due to $ dispute ● Oct 28, 1961 - Brian Epstein gets 3 requests for My Bonnie, becomes manager on January 1962

The Beatles - History ● January 1962 - audition for Decca Records - turned down ● April 1962 - Stu dies of brain hemorrhage ● June 1962 - EMI/Parlophone records audition with George Martin. Told to replace drummer ● August 1962 - Pete Best fired, replaced with Ringo Starr ● Feb 1964 - US debut on Ed Sullivan Show in NYC

Reasons for popularity and success: ● Great song writers ● Appearances on Ed Sullivan Show ● Film right away (A Hard Days Night, 1964 & Help!, 1965) ● Release 1 record after another, after another ● Constantly changing style ● Borrowed from American Music ● Forced to be good b/c of Germany gig ● Ringo Starr perfect drummer for The Beatles

Reasons for break up: ● Growing apart ● Want solo opportunities ● JL’s relationship with Yoko Ono ● Apple Records - financial and organizational nightmare ● GH resents “junior” status

The Rolling Stones

“When we play it’s all about the feel; that’s the all-important ingredient. The music we play comes out of the blues and you can’t play the blues without feeling. As we developed into the pop side of things and then into rock, the blues were ever present, giving us those right feelings. ” – Keith Richards, guitarist for The Rolling Stones

● Rolling Stones Members: Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, (Brian Jones), Ronnie Wood, Charlie Watts, ● January 1963 - Jagger & Richards meet John Lennon & Paul Mc. Cartney - JL & PM give them song “I Wanna Be Your Man" ● 1964 - Stones replace Beatles in the #1 spot in the UK ● 1964 - perform on Ed Sullivan

● 1965 - own songs “The Last Time” and “(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction” are released as singles ● By 1969, their music is definitive Rock and Roll. ● In ’ 68 -’ 69 they had many #1 hits: “Jumpin’ Jack Flash, Street Fighting Man, Sympathy for the Devil, Honky Tonk Woman”

● December 1969 - Stones give free concert at Altamont Speedway (3 months after Woodstock) ● 1989 - Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ● Still playing! Longest lived continuously active group in Rn. R History

The Rolling Stones - (I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction

The Rolling Stones Start Me Up

The Who

• Formed in 1962: Pete Townshend - guitar; Roger Daltry - lead singer; John Entwistle - bass; Keith Moon - drums (Animal from “The Muppets” was modeled after KM’s on stage antics • 1964 - played their 1 st gig in London • 1965 - Released their first album My Generation with the singles: “I Can’t Explain” and “My Generation” being two of their biggest hits

• 1969 - Tommy album is released. The entire album follows a storyline that will later be turned into a “Rock Opera” • 1973 - Quadrophenia, their 2 nd “Rock Opera” is released • 1990 - Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

The Who - My Generation

The Who - Keith Moon Smother’s Bros Exploding Drum Kit

The Who - Who Are You

The Yardbirds

• Yardbirds Members: Eric Clapton/Jeff Beck/Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, Jim Mc. Carthy • Took American R&B, made it their own and sold it back to the US • Started as a traditional blues band broadened their range into pop and rock

• 3 major guitarists passed through the band at one point: Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page - all 3 were in the top 5 of Rolling Stone’s “ 100 Top Guitarists list” - Clapton #2; Page #3 and Beck #5 • After a while with JB as the only guitarist, Page joined the band to trade off playing lead/rhythm with Beck • Group disbands - JP starts Led Zeppelin • Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992

Yardbirds - Train Kept A Rollin’

Led Zeppelin

• Got their name from Keith Moon • Line-up: Jimmy Page - guitar; John Bonham - drums; Robert Plant - vocals; John Paul Jones - bass, keyboard • 1969 - play at the Newport Jazz Festival in Newport, RI • 1969 - Release 1 st album Led Zeppelin

• 1970 - Release 2 nd album Led Zeppelin 2 • Their 4 th album includes “Stairway to Heaven” - one of their most popular songs • Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995

Led Zeppelin Immigrant Song

Led Zeppelin Stairway to Heaven

Music Festivals

Newport Folk Festival (’ 65) • Bob Dylan plugs in — electric version of “Maggie’s Farm” • backed by electric guitarist Mike Bloomfield and band members from the Paul Butterfield Blues band. • Creates Folk-Rock

Monterey Pop Festival (’ 67) • Monterey County Fairgrounds in Monterey, California. • Meant to embody the spirit of California - counterculture & “the Summer of Love. ” • an estimated 8, 500 people showed up • 1 st major American appearances: Jimi Hendrix and Ravi Shankar, The Who, Janis Joplin, the Mamas & the Papas • The festival is also known for Jimi Hendrix burning his guitar on stage during his set.

Woodstock (’ 69) • most famous and legendary festivals to date “anything could happen” • The three-day festival (spilling into four days) • held on Max Yasgur’s farm in New York State • drew around 400, 000 people. (possibly MUCH more) • 32 acts were performed outside at the venue and included many of the world’s greatest musicians, such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Who just to name a few. • Peace and Love, virtually no violence! (height of Hippy-dom!)

Altamont (’ 69) - Woodstock West? ? - Nope! • December 6, 1969, the Altamont Speedway Free Festival • counterculture-era rock concert • featured performances by artists/groups Santana, Jefferson Airplane, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, and the Rolling Stones just to name some. • The festival is best known for its violence and property damage • Hell’s Angels work security, kill Meredith Hunter (film: Gimme Shelter) • End of the Peace & Love movement of the 60’s

Psychedelic “Acid” Rock

‘Acid’ Rock • Originates in San Francisco (Haight-Ashbury District) • drug culture = counter-culture • Jefferson Airplane, Grateful Dead • Heavy (loud) amplification & distortion • Music meant to stimulate a drug experience • (colored) Light shows/elements of electronic music (Pink Floyd) • Many lyrics have space age imagery (becomes Prog. Rock of the 70’s) • Artistically awesome posters

Summer of Love (1967) • Hippie culture - drugs meant as a way of escaping to a better way of life: Peace & love prevail over violence • Human Be-In: Hippie Commune, Big Sur, CA draws ~35, 000 people via word of mouth • Attempt to initiate young people into a more positive & compassionate vision of “this embryonic cultural revolution” — Sowing the seeds of compassionate idealism for themselves & future generations • Media projects negative images: young, unbathed, barefoot individual, sitting in gutter smoking joint & begging for change

Janis Joplin (aka “Pearl”) • Born 1943, wealthy area of Texas • in H. S. rebellious, individual • leaves Univ of Tx/Austin & gets into Beat Scene (starts using drugs) • Monterey Pop Festival - 1 st big break! • “lacks self-protective quality a performer of her status would appear to need” - Rolling Stone Magazine (compared with Judy Garland) • Oct 4, 1970 - dies of drug overdose

Civil Rights

Civil Rights • Demonstrations: bus boycott, lunch counter sit-ins, registering blacks to vote, marches • Black revolt • Campus unrest • Vietnam War vs. Draft Resistance • Students for a Democratic Society • Assassinations: MLK, Malcolm X, JFK, RFK

1960’s Propaganda • Pro-America vs Anti-war • Two very different sides of the same issue (see handouts) • Propaganda vs advertisement Both are a form of one-directional* one-to-many** communication that has a targeted audience, a content that resonates with them and a call-to-action. • • Propaganda is the term for one-directional one-to-many communication that promotes a point of view or a political cause. Advertising is the term for one-directional one-to-many communication that promotes commercial goods and services and tries to convert existing general needs into specific wants.

Days of Rage • 4 day (riot) beginning Oct. 8, 1969 • Following trail of the “Chicago 7” ** 7 -8 defendants charged w/ conspiracy, inciting to riot & more ** Defendants made public mockery of trial - all later acquitted • 287 members of the Weathermen vs police