1 INTRODUCTION LESSON ONE Latin Morpheme Lessons Alene

1 INTRODUCTION & LESSON ONE Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

2 Latin Morphemes Introduction In the English language, big words are often made up of small word parts, called morphemes, that come from other languages – especially Latin. You probably have some of this morpheme knowledge “asleep” in your brain – all you need to do is “wake it up. ” When you know – or remember – the meanings of these small word parts, you can unlock the meaning of some real jawbreakers. For example, take the word . You think you have no idea what it means – and you are not sure if being called this is a compliment or an insult. But once you know/remember the following, you can figure it out. So -good BEN =(You know that if something is beneficial, it is good for you…) speakone may be new to you…) LOQU = (This full ofknow “famous” is full of fame, “gracious” is full of grace…) -OUS = (You ask, “Is it a REAL word? ” It is if enough people use it. Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

3 Latin Morphemes Introduction Some morphemes are “place bound” – that is, some are prefixes that always come at the beginning of a word (for example the morpheme “pre-”) and others are suffixes that always come at the end (for example the morpheme “-ous”). Still others, known as roots, can come anywhere in a word, and these can have prefixes and suffixes attached to them. NOTE: In figuring out the meaning of a word, IF it has a suffix, start by saying the suffix meaning and then go back to the beginning and work down. (speaking) BEN = good LOQU = speak -OUS= full of If there is no suffix, start with the first root – e. g. , benloqu would be good speaking. Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

4 Latin Morphemes Introduction Some morphemes are “place bound” – that is, some are prefixes that always come at the beginning of a word (for example the morpheme “pre-”) and others are suffixes that always come at the end (for example the morpheme “-ous”). Still others, known as roots, can come anywhere in a word, and these can have prefixes and suffixes attached to them. In each lesson, you’ll start by taking notes on some Latin roots, then you’ll add prefixes and suffixes. Turn to page 4 in your Student Book and prepare to take notes on Latin Morphemes Lesson One. Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

5 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our first Latin root in Lesson One is a morpheme that has two forms: DICT, DICAT. On page 4 of your Student Book, write the morpheme meanings. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart Now think – what words do you already know that have DICT or DICAT in them? Chances are you probably thought of the word DICTATION or DICTATOR or DEDICATE What do these words have in common? Speaking words for someone to write down, a person who tells everyone else what to do, to set something apart for a special use. . . So DICT and DICAT means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

6 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin root in Lesson One is the morpheme DUC. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart 2. duc = lead Now think – what words do you already know that have DUC in them? Chances are you may have thought of the words INTRODUCE or tear DUCT. What do these words have in common? To bring someone/something new into a setting and a tube through which tears travel. . . TEAR DUCT So DUC means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

7 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin root in Lesson One is the morpheme EQU. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart 2. duc = lead 3. equ = Now think – what words do you already know with EQU in them? equal; fair EQUATOR EQUAL EQUATION EQUALITY What do these words have in common? So EQU means. . . Divides the earth into two equal halves Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

8 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin root is GARRUL. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart 2. duc = lead 3. equ = equal; fair 4. garrul = chatter; talk Perhaps you have heard the word “GARRULOUS”? This one is not so obvious – but a mental trick may help you remember it. The morpheme “garrul” is full of R’s, and a garrulous person RRRRRuns on at the mouth. . So GARRUL means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

9 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin root has two forms: IG and AG. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart Here are two IG words you may have heard: BENIGN and MALIGNANT. 2. duc = lead 3. equ = equal; fair 4. garrul = chatter; talk 5. ig; ag = do; drive; act These are words a doctor uses to give results of a cell biopsy to determine if a growth is cancerous or not, and they literally describe what the cells are doing – how they act. And if something AGITATES you, it bothers you to the point that it drives you to do something. And so IG and AG mean. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

10 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin root is LOCAT. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart 2. duc = lead 3. equ = equal; fair 4. garrul = chatter; talk 5. ig; ag = do; drive; act 6. locat = place What word immediately pops into your mind with LOCAT? LOCATION Three things determine the value of property: LOCATION, And a “location” is a __? __. LOCATION. So LOCAT means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

11 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin root is LOQU. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart 2. duc = lead 3. equ = equal; fair Put the letter “e” in front of it, and what word comes to mind? 4. garrul = chatter; talk ELOQUENT 5. ig; ag = do; drive; act 6. locat = place 7. loqu = speak What is “eloquent” used to describe? If you are being “eloquent, ” what are you doing? So LOQU means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

12 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin root is MAGN. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart 2. duc = lead 3. equ = equal; fair 4. garrul = chatter; talk Now think – what words do you already know with MAGN in them? MAGNIFYY 5. ig; ag = do; drive; act 6. locat = place MAGNIFICIENT 7. loqu = speak MAGNANIMOUS 8. magn = great; large What do these words have in common? To make larger, an adjective meaning great, to be forgiving and generous in a grand sort of way. . . So MAGN means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

13 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin root is SOLI. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart 2. duc = lead 3. equ = equal; fair 4. garrul = chatter; talk 5. ig; ag = do; drive; act 6. locat = place 7. loqu = speak 8. magn = great; large 9. soli = alone; only Now think – what card game do you know with SOLI in the name? SOLITAIRE And how do you play solitaire? You play it alone – there is only you with the cards. So SOLI means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

14 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our last Latin root is VOC. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart 2. duc = lead 3. equ = equal; fair Now think – what words do you know with VOC in them? VOCAL 4. garrul = chatter; talk VOCABULARY 5. ig; ag = do; drive; act VOCATION 6. locat = place 7. loqu = speak 8. magn = great; large 9. soli = alone; only 10. voc = What do these words have in common? Spoken (or sung), words you know, a job that is your special calling. . . So VOC means. . . voice; call Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

15 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Now we have the set of Latin roots for Lesson One. Roots 1. dict; dicat = speak; proclaim; set apart 2. duc = lead Next we go to prefixes. 3. equ = equal; fair 4. garrul = chatter; talk 5. ig; ag = do; drive; act 6. locat = place 7. loqu = speak 8. magn = great; large 9. soli = alone; only 10. voc = voice; call Prefixes 11. Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

16 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Now we are ready to take notes on a set of prefixes. As you write each one, add a dash after the prefix to remind you that this is where you add roots, following the prefix. The first Latin prefix in Lesson One is the morpheme BEN–. 10. voc = voice; call Now think – what words do you already know that have the prefix BEN– in them? Prefixes 11. ben– = good BENEFIT BENEDICTION BENIGN What do the three words have in common? A verb meaning to do good for, a blessing, and harmless. . . So BEN- means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

17 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin prefix is DE–. 10. voc = voice; call This one has several related meanings. Again, what words do you know. . . ? Prefixes 11. ben– = good 12. de– = down; from; away; very What do these words have in common? DECLINE DE-ESCALATE To go down or become less, to take away from, to reduce or scale down, something that reduces nasal swelling. . . DEDUCT DECONGESTANT DE– means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

18 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin prefix has two forms of IN– and IM–. 10. voc = voice; call Prefixes 11. ben– = good 12. de– = down; from; away; very 13. in–; im– = This one has two very different meanings. You just have to figure out which meaning to use. Again, what words do you know. . . in; not The italicized words have one of the meanings and the plain words have the other meaning. INCONSISTENT INSPIRE INAPPROPRIATE IMPLANT IMPROPER INCRIMINATE IMPOSSIBLE IMPLICATE Not consistent, not appropriate, not proper. . . To breathe in, to close in, to show someone is involved in a wrongdoing. . . The prefixes IN– and IM– mean. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

19 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Our next Latin prefix has the two forms of INTRO– and INTRA–. 10. voc = voice; call Prefixes What words do you know with the prefixes INTRO– or INTRA–? 11. ben– = good 12. de– = down; from; away; very 13. in–; im– = in; not INTRODUCE INTRAMURAL 14. intro–; intro– = within What do these words have in common? To present or lead within, games played literally within the walls of a single school. . . The prefixes INTRO– and INTRA-– mean. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

20 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . The next Latin prefix is MAL–. 10. voc = voice; call What words do you know with MAL– at the beginning? Prefixes 11. ben– = good MALADJUSTED 12. de– = down; from; away; very 13. in–; im– = in; not MALIGNANT 14. intro–; intro– = within MALICIOUS 15. mal– = bad; ill What do these words have in common? Badly adjusted, ill will, with evil intent. . . The prefix MAL– means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

21 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . The last Latin prefix in this lesson has two forms: PRE– and PRO–. 10. voc = voice; call Prefixes What words do you know with PRE – or PRO– as a prefix? 11. ben– = good 12. de– = down; from; away; very 13. in–; im– = in; not 14. intro–; intro– = within 15. mal– = bad; ill 16. pre–; pro– = before PREDICT PROGRAM PREJUDICE PROGRESS PREHISTORIC PROJECT What do these words have in common? To say something will happen before it does, to judge before you have the facts, the period of time before history was recorded, the paper you get before the play begins. . . ? The prefixes PRE– and PRO– mean. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

22 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Now we have the set of Latin prefixes for Lesson One. 10. voc = voice; call Prefixes Next we go to suffixes. 11. ben– = good 12. de– = down; from; away; very 13. in–; im– = in; not 14. intro–; intro– = within 15. mal– = bad; ill 16. pre–; pro– = before Suffixes 17. Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

23 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Now we are ready to take notes on a set of suffixes. As you write each one, add a dash before the suffix to remind you that this is where you add roots, in front of the suffix. The first Latin suffix in Lesson One is the morpheme –AL. VOCAL 16. pre–; pro– = before HISTORICAL Suffixes 17. –al = relating to (adjective) PREHISTORIC Many English words end in the letters –AL, and when they do, they are modifiers that relate to something. So –AL at the end of a word. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

24 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . The next Latin suffix is the morpheme –ATE. 16. pre–; pro– = before Suffixes 17. –al = relating to (adj. ) 18. –ate = do; make; cause (verb) What words come to mind that have –ATE at the end? EDUCATE LIBERATE LOCATE EVAPORATE CELEBRATE INTIMIDATE Each of these words are things that you … So –ATE at the end of a word means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

25 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . The next Latin suffix is the morpheme –ENCE. 16 pre–; pro– = before What words come to mind that have –ENCE at the end? Suffixes 17. –al = relating to (adj. ) DIFFERENCE 18. –ate = do; make; cause (v. ) 19. –ence; –ance = condition; quality; act (noun) EXCELLENCE COHERENCE So –ENCE at the end of a word indicates the name of something – a noun that names a. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

26 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . The next Latin suffix is the morpheme –ION. 16. pre–; pro– = before Suffixes 17. –al = relating to (adj. ) What words come to mind that have –ION at the end? ACTION 18. –ate = do; make; cause (v. ) 19. –ence; –ance = condition; quality; act (n. ) 20. –ion = condition; quality; act (noun) INFECTION CONNECTION So –ION at the end of a word indicates the name of something – a noun that names a. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

27 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . The next Latin suffix is the morpheme –ITY. 16. pre–; pro– = before Suffixes 17. –al = relating to (adj. ) What words come to mind that have –ITY at the end? 18. –ate = do; make; cause (v. ) CHARITY 19. –ence; –ance = condition; quality; act (n. ) ACTIVITY 20. –ion = condition; quality; act (n. ) 21. –ity = SINCERITY condition; quality; act (noun) So –ITY at the end of a word indicates the name of something – a noun that names a. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

28 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . The last Latin suffix has two forms: –OUS and –OSE. 16. pre–; pro– = before Suffixes 17. –al = relating to (adj. ) 18. –ate = do; make; cause (v. ) What words come to mind that have –OUS or –OSE the end? FAMOUS 19. –ence; –ance = condition; quality; act (adj. ) RELIGIOUS 20. –ion = condition; quality; act (n. ) 21. –ity = condition; quality; act (n. ) 22. –ous; –ose = full of (adjective) MOROSE VERBOSE MISCELLANEOUS BELLICOSE Full of fame, full of religion, full of different things. . . So –OUS or –OSE at the end of a word indicates a modifier that means. . . Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

29 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Notes Part One: NOTES - Figuring out what you already know. . . Now we have the set of Latin suffixes for Lesson One. 16. pre–; pro– = before Suffixes You now have all of the notes for Lesson One (of Eighteen). 17. –al = relating to (adj. ) 18. 19. 20. 21. Lesson One is the longest –ate = do; make; cause (v. ) because it is the foundation –ence; –ance = condition; quality; act (n. ) on which you will build in the coming –ion = condition; quality; act (n. ) other seventeen –ity = condition; quality; act (n. ) Latin Morpheme lessons. 22. –ous; –ose = full of (adj. ) When you finish these lessons, your vocabulary and your ability both to figure out and to create words will be MUCH GREATER than when you began! Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

30 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Words to Work Part Two: WORDS TO WORK - Applying what you now know. . . Now you are ready to use your knowledge to decode words. In Lesson One you will find the following words to “work” – that is, to analyze their meanings by (1) identifying the Latin morphemes and meaning(s) in each, (2) synthesizing that knowledge in a possible definition, and (3) comparing your synthesis to a dictionary definition. Words to Work 1. vocal 9. benediction 2. predict 10. benign 3. dedicate 11. malediction 4. beneficence 12. soliloquy 5. loquacious 13. equity 6. locate 14. inequity 7. garrulous 15. magniloquence 8. equality 16. introduce These words are on page 4, instructions are on page 5, and space to work your words is on pages 6 and 7. Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

31 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Words to Work Part Two: WORDS TO WORK - Applying what you now know. . . How to “Work a Word” Let’s begin the first assignment together. On page 6, start by writing the first word. Then beneath it, one per line, identify the morphemes you find in the word. Next, synthesize your knowledge. Finally, compare your knowledge. 1. vocal voc = voice; call -al = characteristic of; relating to M. D. = “my definition” D. D. = “dictionary definition” M. D. = relating to the voice D. D. = uttered by the voice Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

32 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Words to Work Part Two: WORDS TO WORK - Applying what you now know. . . “Working Words” Your first assignment is to work the first 8 words from page 4 in the numbered spaces on page 6 of your book. For each word, compare and see how close you can come with your knowledge to what the all-knowing dictionary has to say. Tomorrow, be prepared to share how you worked your words. DAY 1 HW Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

33 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Words to Work Part Two: WORDS TO WORK - Applying what you now know. . . “Working Words” continued Your second assignment is to work the last 8 words from page 4 in the numbered spaces on page 7 of your book. For each word, compare and see how close you can come with your knowledge to what the all-knowing dictionary has to say. Tomorrow, be prepared to share how you worked your words. DAY 2 HW Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

34 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Context Clues Part Three: CONTEXT CLUES - Hints for a Reader. . . Sometimes when we read, we come across a word we’ve never seen before, and we could use a clue to figure it out. There are four main types of clues that often help solve a “mystery word, ” and you can use one of these clues to give your reader a hint. The four kinds of context clues are. . . 1. Definition in context People said the Red Sox’s bad luck came from a malediction for selling Babe Ruth to the Yankees – their fans wished evil upon the team. 2. Synonym He pronounced a malediction, a curse, on malfunctioning computer. Instead of the expected words of blessing on the project, her boss gave it a malediction. 3. Antonym 4. Examples DAY 3 the The angry gardener spoke the malediction to his rival, “May your tomatoes never ripen and your corn be wormy!” Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

35 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Context Clues Part Three: CONTEXT CLUES - Hints for a Reader. . . Your third assignment has two steps: Step A: Select any 6 of the 16 words you worked and create a context clue sentence with each (page 9 in your book). Use at least one of each of the four types of clues. Tomorrow you’ll have the opportunity to read aloud your sentences, saying “blank” for the word you chose, and to see if your instructor or another learner can use your clue to identify what word from the Lesson One list belongs in the blank. Step B: Using the roots, prefixes, and suffixes from Lesson One, create and work two new words. In place of the DD, write a context clue sentence (CCS) for each new word (page 9 in your book). Tomorrow, you’ll have the opportunity to challenge your instructor or another learner with your created words. DAY 3 HW Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

36 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Pencil & Paper Review Part Four: REVIEW. . . The fourth assignment for Lesson One is a three-step review. Step A: Practice breaking apart the words on the first review sheet (page 10) by drawing brackets around and writing meanings above each morpheme; then, write a possible definition to the side (see the first one for an example). Step B: Once you have determined the morpheme meanings of and a possible definition for each “word, ” try matching the “funny definitions” on the second review sheet (page 11) with what you have on the first sheet. Hopefully, you’ll get a laugh or two (or possibly a groan) as you figure them out. Tomorrow, we’ll go over the sheets just before taking a quiz on Latin Morphemes Lesson One. The quiz will have about 8 words for you to work through the level of My Definition. DAY 4 HW Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

37 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Pencil & Paper Review Part Four: REVIEW. . . Step C: Make yourself a set of study cards (refer to page 12). In the back of your book you will find eighteen sheets of color paper – one for each lesson. To make your study cards, tear out the page for Lesson One, cut it apart on the marked lines, and hole-punch each card in the upper corner as indicated. LESSON dict dicat ONE speak; proclaim; set apart Take a card and write your first morpheme on the front of it. Now turn that card over so the hole is at the bottom, and write the meaning on the back. Set that card aside, and do the same for each of the other morphemes. Now place the card with “Lesson One” written on it on the top of your stack, hook them together with a band or ring, and begin reviewing. If you have a three-ring binder for English materials, hook your cards there for easy access. DAY 4 HW - started in class Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

38 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Pencil & Paper Review REVIEW CARDS. . . Step C continued: When you finish making your set of cards, begin using them to review and check and improve your knowledge. Start with the cards in your hand so that the LESSON ONE card is showing. Flip over the title card and look at the first morpheme – anthrop. Say silently to yourself the meaning of the morpheme anthrop. Now flip the card over to check yourself against the answer on the back. LESSON ONE dict; dicat speak, proclaim… speak; proclaim; set apart Now flip over that card and do the same with the next one – and the rest. Once you learn them Greek-to-English, try reviewing them English-to-Greek. DAY 4 Greek Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.

39 Latin Morphemes – Lesson One – Taking the Quiz Part Five Coming Tomorrow: Demonstrating What You Know. . . The quiz will have about 8 words for you to work through the MD level. Unless you are told otherwise on a very few words, you do NOT need to memorize a dictionary definition. Most of them will be “real words, ” but there may be one or two “created words” as well. There will be one point for identifying each morpheme in the words, and one point for synthesizing your knowledge into a definition. REMEMBER – If a word has two or more morphemes, and you remember one but not the other, make a PARTIAL DEFINITION for PARTIAL CREDIT. 1. benloquious ben- = good +1 point equals +2 2/3 loqu = speak +1 points 0 point out of 4 MD Something to do with good speech + 2/3 point DAY 4 TEST PREVIEW Latin Morpheme Lessons, Alene H. Harris, Ph. D. © 2012.