What is Evolution A slow gradual change over

What is Evolution? • A slow gradual change over time What is a Theory? • An explanation to explain a phenomenon • Tested and confirmed repeatedly through experiment/observation

Video Games 1975 - 1985

Nintendo – 1980’s

1990’s computer games Wolfenstein 3 -D Sim. City

1995 – Play Station

The man and his ideas. . .

*Creationist *Naturalist on the HMS Beagle in 1831 *Traveled to the Galapagos Islands *Observed plants and animals (finches) * Changed his ideas

Captain Fitzroy From: http: //www. juliantrubin. com/fitzroy. html HMS Beagle From: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Robert_Fitz. Roy

Map of Darwin’s Cabin on the HMS Beagle

• 5 -year trip • Chart the coastline of South America * islands of the Pacific • Collected samples and kept careful notes

Small volcanic island Chain off the coast of Ecuador

Galapagos Islands

*Darwin noticed -species were similar -specialized for their environment *Suggested a change over time Example: The Finches

Darwin’s Tree of Life – showing a common ancestor

-Each lab table has several types of bird food as well as several types of bird’s “beaks”. -As a group, use each of the different bird beaks to try picking up one bird seed. -Decide in your group which beak is best suited for which food.

What would happen to you if you had the wrong beak for the food that was available where you lived?

Ideas about Breeding Ideas about Population Ideas about Geology

ØFarmers create many new kinds of plants and animals with desirable traits Ø“Selective breeding” makes the “best crops” and most desirable pets ØSelective Breeding uses genetics Video clip from: Evolution. AIMS Multimedia. 1993. unitedstreaming. 6 January 2006 <http: //www. unitedstreaming. com/>

Selective Breeding (animals)

Selective Breeding (plants) If humans can select traits in species why can’t nature

üMalthus: Essay on the Principle of Population üHuman populations grow fast üFood production can’t keep up with food demand Darwin: the environment limits how many organisms can survive to reproduce; the survivors have special traits for survival

Thomas Malthus (1766 -1834) If humans over reproduce so do animals in nature, but competition keeps populations in check

§Lyell: Principles of Geology §Proof that Earth was much older than anyone imagined §If the earth is extremely old and can change slowly overtime, life must change with it. From: http: //www. mnsu. edu/emuseum/information/biography/klmno/lyell_charles. html

Alfred Wallace (1823 -1913) § § Also came up with Natural Selection, but didn’t have as much evidence. Wrote to Darwin for advice Sent him a theory to look at It was similar to Darwin’s with less support Prompted Darwin to publish his

v. Darwin struggled with all these ideas v. He proposed that evolution happened v. He suggested a process called Natural Selection v. He presented these ideas in his book On The Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection

Darwin’s mechanism for evolution:

1) Overproduction 2) Inherited Variation 3) Struggle to Survive 4) Successful reproduction

Video clip from: Natural Selection of Plants and Animals. AIMS Multimedia. 1993. unitedstreaming. 6 January 2006 <http: //www. unitedstreaming. com/>

This opposed beliefs of early scientists: Cuvier &Bonnet: catastrophes force change Lamark: inheritance of acquired characteristics

1. Animals gain traits over their lives 2. If a trait was good, the animal lived 3. That animal then passed the trait to its offspring ex: The Giraffe’s Long Neck

Carl Linnaeus (1700 s) • Classification system based on similarities among organisms • Noticed that things had or could “change” but was very religious • Would not analyze or interpret changes

Using your textbook, pages 122 -125, describe: 1. Why are tuskless elephants becoming more abundant in Africa? 2. How do insects become resistant to insecticides? 3. How did the finches on the Galapagos Islands become different populations?

Alfred Wallace & His Essay In 1858, Alfred Wallace, a young British naturalist and explorer, wrote Darwin from Malaysia while he was on an expedition. Wallace was seeking Darwin’s advice about a theory he had. At the time Darwin was one of the leading naturalists of England. However, Wallace had no idea of Darwin’s life work on his theory of natural selection because Darwin had only shared his ideas with a few close colleagues. Wallace sent Darwin an essay on his theory and it turned out that Wallace had struck upon theory of natural selection that Darwin had been researching for 20 years. Wallace’s short sketch was far from the massive body of evidence Darwin had collected, but it’s core ideas were similar. Darwin and Wallace agreed that Wallace’s essay should be published along with a summary of Darwin’s theory. A year later, in 1859, Darwin published his book under the title The Origin of Species. Darwin’s book was fully supported by examples and 20 years of research and influence. His theory on how evolution works was eventually accepted around 1865 by most of the leading scientists of his time. Without Wallace’s prompting, Darwin might never have published his theory during his lifetime.