Types of speeches Informative and persuasive Types of

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Types of speeches: Informative and persuasive

Types of speeches: Informative and persuasive

Types of Speeches �Informative �Persuasive Informative Speeches Persuasive Speech • To increase knowledge. •

Types of Speeches �Informative �Persuasive Informative Speeches Persuasive Speech • To increase knowledge. • Can be presented with or without persuasion. • To change attitudes and behaviour. • Has to be presented with information, in order to persuade.

Informative speeches 3

Informative speeches 3

Distinctions between Informative and Persuasive Speaking �An informative speech is meant to increase knowledge.

Distinctions between Informative and Persuasive Speaking �An informative speech is meant to increase knowledge. �A persuasive speech is meant to alter attitudes and behavior. �A speech can inform without persuading. �A speech cannot persuade without informing. 4

Topics for Informative Speeches Choose topics that: �Allow you to convey an important thought

Topics for Informative Speeches Choose topics that: �Allow you to convey an important thought or action. �Are familiar and interesting to you. �Are important to you. �Your audience will find interesting. �You can develop within the time limit. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 5

Categories of Informative Topics �Objects �Processes �Events �Concepts Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Categories of Informative Topics �Objects �Processes �Events �Concepts Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 6

Preparing and Developing an Informative Speech �Gain and maintain audience attention. �Increase understanding of

Preparing and Developing an Informative Speech �Gain and maintain audience attention. �Increase understanding of the topic. �Apply basic guidelines for effective informative speaking. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 7

How do you gain and maintain audience attention? �Generate a need for the information

How do you gain and maintain audience attention? �Generate a need for the information �Create information relevance �Provide a fresh perspective �Focus on the unusual Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 8

How do you increase understanding of the topic? �Organize your presentation �Plan for repetition

How do you increase understanding of the topic? �Organize your presentation �Plan for repetition �Use advance organizers Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 9

How do you increase understanding of the topic? �Choose language carefully �Use concrete words

How do you increase understanding of the topic? �Choose language carefully �Use concrete words �Use description �Use definitions �Show contrasts �Use synonyms �Use antonyms �Use etymologies Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 10

Hints for effective informative speaking are. . . �Avoid assumptions �Analyze your audience �Adapt

Hints for effective informative speaking are. . . �Avoid assumptions �Analyze your audience �Adapt to their level of knowledge �Personalize information �Relate your topic to your listeners �Show that it has relevance for them Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 11

How do you evaluate an informative speech? �Topic �General requirements �Audience analysis �Supporting materials

How do you evaluate an informative speech? �Topic �General requirements �Audience analysis �Supporting materials �Organization �Delivery �Language choice Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 12

Who evaluates the speech? �Instructor �Self Yes, you engage in self-evaluation. �Listeners Copyright ©

Who evaluates the speech? �Instructor �Self Yes, you engage in self-evaluation. �Listeners Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 13

Informative Speech Topics �Graphic design �Road rage �Anger management �Identity fraud �Muslim terrorism �Christian

Informative Speech Topics �Graphic design �Road rage �Anger management �Identity fraud �Muslim terrorism �Christian terrorism �Caffeine and you �Baseball’s cork bats �PETA and your pets �Save your hearing! �Laser technology �Global warming Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 14

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Persuasive Speeches �Persuasion is a communication process, involving verbal and non-verbal messages, that attempts

Persuasive Speeches �Persuasion is a communication process, involving verbal and non-verbal messages, that attempts to reinforce or change listeners’ attitudes, beliefs, values or behaviors( Seiler and Beal, 2008 page 320). �The effect of persuasion occurs over time, that is not immediately. �The effect of persuasion can be manifested in adoption, continuance, discontinuance or deterrence of actions.

What is the difference between persuasion, influence, and coercion? Is there a difference? “Persuasion

What is the difference between persuasion, influence, and coercion? Is there a difference? “Persuasion is a communication process. . . that attempts to reinforce or change listeners’ attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior. ” -- Seiler and Beall Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 17

Who is the most persuasive speaker you’ve heard? What makes him/her so persuasive? Copyright

Who is the most persuasive speaker you’ve heard? What makes him/her so persuasive? Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 18

What are the goals of persuasive speaking? �Adoption �Discontinuance �Deterrence �Continuance Copyright © Allyn

What are the goals of persuasive speaking? �Adoption �Discontinuance �Deterrence �Continuance Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 19

Topics for Persuasive Speeches �Should be interesting �Should be worthwhile �Must have a goal

Topics for Persuasive Speeches �Should be interesting �Should be worthwhile �Must have a goal of influence or action �Should be current Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 20

Persuasive Topics Ask. . . �Questions of Fact �Questions of Value �Questions of Policy

Persuasive Topics Ask. . . �Questions of Fact �Questions of Value �Questions of Policy �Any combination of these three Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 21

Support a persuasive position with claim, data, and warrant. �Claim - the fact, value,

Support a persuasive position with claim, data, and warrant. �Claim - the fact, value, or policy the speaker wants listeners to accept. �Data - evidence that should influence listeners. �Warrant - explanation of relationship between claim and data. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 22

What are the key elements for supporting evidence? (Toulmin model) Data Claim Frazia would

What are the key elements for supporting evidence? (Toulmin model) Data Claim Frazia would violate any future proposed cease-fire treaty Frazia has violated 50 of 52 cease-fire agreements Warrant Past violations are symptomatic of probable future violations Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 23

Establishing Credibility �Competence �Demonstrate involvement �Relate experience �Cite research �Character �Trustworthiness �Ethics �Charisma Copyright

Establishing Credibility �Competence �Demonstrate involvement �Relate experience �Cite research �Character �Trustworthiness �Ethics �Charisma Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 24

Becoming Effective Consumers of Persuasion Ask the right questions. �How knowledgeable is the speaker?

Becoming Effective Consumers of Persuasion Ask the right questions. �How knowledgeable is the speaker? �What sources has the speaker used? �Are sources reliable? �Is evidence worthwhile? �Can I believe the argument? �Where can I get additional information? Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 25

Preparing and Developing a Persuasive Speech Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 26

Preparing and Developing a Persuasive Speech Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 26

Preparing and Developing a Persuasive Speech �Research the topic (review chapter 8) �Organize the

Preparing and Developing a Persuasive Speech �Research the topic (review chapter 8) �Organize the speech (review chapter 9) �Use supporting material �Use persuasive strategies Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 27

Supporting Material �Appeals to needs �Logical appeals �Deductive reasoning �Inductive reasoning �Causal reasoning �Reasoning

Supporting Material �Appeals to needs �Logical appeals �Deductive reasoning �Inductive reasoning �Causal reasoning �Reasoning by analogy �Emotional appeals Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 28

Supporting Material �Appeals to needs �physical needs �safety needs �social needs �self-esteem needs Copyright

Supporting Material �Appeals to needs �physical needs �safety needs �social needs �self-esteem needs Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 29

Supporting Material �Logical appeals �Deductive reasoning: from general information to a specific conclusion �

Supporting Material �Logical appeals �Deductive reasoning: from general information to a specific conclusion � � � General premise: Heart disease is a major health concern in the Midwest Minor premise: Nebraska is part of the Midwest Conclusion: Therefore, heart disease is a major health concern in Nebraska! Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 30

Supporting Material �Logical appeals �Inductive reasoning: moving from specific information to general conclusions �

Supporting Material �Logical appeals �Inductive reasoning: moving from specific information to general conclusions � � Facts: � My speech teacher is an excellent teacher � My speech teacher last semester was also excellent � My friend’s speech teacher is also excellent Conclusion: Speech teachers at the University of Nebraska are excellent teachers Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 31

Supporting Material �Logical appeals �Causal reasoning: sequence of thought that links causes with effects

Supporting Material �Logical appeals �Causal reasoning: sequence of thought that links causes with effects � � The earth’s temperature is turning colder because the ozone layer is thinning Adequate support would be required to support this claim is persuasion is desired Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 32

Supporting Material �Logical appeals �Reasoning by analogy: compares similar things or circumstances in order

Supporting Material �Logical appeals �Reasoning by analogy: compares similar things or circumstances in order to draw a conclusion � � � General premise: American auto production must improve Minor premise: The Japanese method of auto production has been extremely successful Conclusion: American auto manufacturers should adopt the Japanese method if they want to be successful Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 33

Supporting Material �Emotional appeals �Fear, happiness �Can sway people to do things that might

Supporting Material �Emotional appeals �Fear, happiness �Can sway people to do things that might not be logical �Ethics demands that we use emotions with care �Speaker should be careful, fair, truthful Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 34

Fallacies in Argument Development �Fallacies of reason �Questionable cause �Ad hominem �Fallacies of evidence

Fallacies in Argument Development �Fallacies of reason �Questionable cause �Ad hominem �Fallacies of evidence �Fact vs. opinion �Red herring �Hasty generalization Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 35

Making Effective Persuasive Speeches �Set a realistic persuasive goal. �Conduct a thorough audience analysis.

Making Effective Persuasive Speeches �Set a realistic persuasive goal. �Conduct a thorough audience analysis. �Identify a need for the audience. �Provide a solution that matches the audience’s beliefs, attitudes, and values. �Give your audience a practical solution. �Point out the advantages. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 36

Making Effective Persuasive Speeches �Point out the negatives in other solutions and why your

Making Effective Persuasive Speeches �Point out the negatives in other solutions and why your solution is best. �Use only valid and reliable evidence. �Be ethical and fair. �Practice and become familiar with the content. �Deliver the speech with enthusiasm, sincerity, and confidence. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 37

Evaluating the Persuasive Speech �Topic �General requirements �Audience analysis �Supporting materials �Organization �Delivery �Language

Evaluating the Persuasive Speech �Topic �General requirements �Audience analysis �Supporting materials �Organization �Delivery �Language choice Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 38

Delivery �Be enthusiastic, confident, and poised �Convey a persuasive attitude �Convey the topic’s relevance

Delivery �Be enthusiastic, confident, and poised �Convey a persuasive attitude �Convey the topic’s relevance �Enhance and clarify with nonverbals gestures, eye contact, facial expression �Enhance with vocal delivery: vocal variety, rate, appropriate pauses, pitch, volume to match impact of your points �Read the audience and adjust accordingly Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 39

Tips for Persuasive Speakers �Establish yourself as an ethical communicator. �Use repetition and restatement.

Tips for Persuasive Speakers �Establish yourself as an ethical communicator. �Use repetition and restatement. �Use appropriate organizational patterns. �Select appropriate supporting materials. �Use sound reasoning. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 40

Persuasive Speech Topics �Increasing Funding for Stem Cell Research �Requiring Internships without Pay �Dangers

Persuasive Speech Topics �Increasing Funding for Stem Cell Research �Requiring Internships without Pay �Dangers on the Internet �Control Road Rage �Racial Profiling is Wrong �Baseball Must Control Steroid Use �Global Warming and the Environment Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 41

Provide information AND affect listeners’ attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors. Copyright © Allyn and

Provide information AND affect listeners’ attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 42

Reference �Seiler, W. J and Beall, M. L ( 2008). Communication. Making Connections (

Reference �Seiler, W. J and Beall, M. L ( 2008). Communication. Making Connections ( 7 th ed). Boston: Pearson Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2008 43

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