Two states of matter they didnt teach you

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Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!

Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!

Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate

Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate

We all know about: SOLIDS Lower Temperature LIQUIDS GASES Higher Temperature

We all know about: SOLIDS Lower Temperature LIQUIDS GASES Higher Temperature

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1, 000, 000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

NO! If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge

NO! If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get The 4 th state of matter: PLASMA

Some places where plasmas are found… 1. Flames

Some places where plasmas are found… 1. Flames

2. Lightning

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

4. Neon lights

4. Neon lights

5. Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99%

5. Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars 6

6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars 6

So now we know all about four states of matter: SOLIDS Lower Temperature LIQUIDS

So now we know all about four states of matter: SOLIDS Lower Temperature LIQUIDS GASES PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) Higher Temperature

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, down to 100 nano

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

Not Necessarily! In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose

Not Necessarily! In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5 th state of matter which would occur at very low temperatures. Einstein Bose +

Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate

Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students (like me) discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students The 5 th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

Here is a picture a computer took of Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak happens

Here is a picture a computer took of Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way! (We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

To really understand Bose -Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

To really understand Bose -Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for

In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize

The five states of matter: BOSEEINSTEIN CONDENSATE Lower Temperature PLASMAS SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES (only

The five states of matter: BOSEEINSTEIN CONDENSATE Lower Temperature PLASMAS SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES (only for low density ionized gases) Higher Temperature