The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Unit XII The Classical Symphony “I frequently compare a symphony with a novel in which themes are characters. After we have made their acquaintance, we follow their evolution, the unfolding of their psychology. ” — Arthur Honegger The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

34. The Nature of the Symphony Historical Background • Origins in Italian opera overture – 3 part form • Standard ideas including “Mannheim” traits – Rocket themes – Steamroller effects Mozart: Symphony No. 40, IV Beethoven: Wellington’s Victory The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Classical Orchestra • 30– 40 players Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Movements of the Symphony I: fast II: slow III: moderate IV: fast Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I Beethoven: Symphony No. 7, II Haydn Sym. No. 94 (Surprise), III Mozart: Symphony No. 40, IV The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

I. The First Movement Sonata-allegro form / first-movement form / sonata form A Exposition (repeated) Theme II Bridge Theme I B A’ Development Recapitulation Closing Theme Unstable, Building tension Theme I The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Bridge Theme II Closing Theme Coda

II. The Second Movement • Form options – three-part form (A-B-A) – theme and variations – modified sonata-allegro • Tempo – Largo – Adagio – Andante • In contrasting key • Lyrical mood The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Second Movement (II) Theme and Variations Theme Variation III ||: a : ||: b : ||: a' : ||: b' : ||: a'' : ||: b'' : ||: a''' : ||: b''' : ||: etc. • • • Change of key Melodic variation Harmonic variation Rhythmic variation Meter, texture, dynamics, and timbre variations “Greensleeves” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

III. The Third Movement • Form: – Minuet and trio • Tempo: – Moderate • Triple meter • Later: Scherzo The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Third Movement (III) Minuet/Trio A Minuet B A Trio Minuet ||: a : ||: b : ||: c : ||: d : || a | b | alternate ||: a : ||: b -a : || (Rounded Binary) The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

IV. The Fourth Movement • Form options – Sonata-allegro – Rondo • Tempo – Allegro molto – Presto finale • Fast and light • Folk-dance character The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

The Fourth Movement (IV) • Rondo Form: A-B-A, or A-B-A-C-A-B-A, etc. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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35. Haydn and the Symphony “Can you see the notes behave like waves? Up and down they go! Look, you can also see the mountains. You have to amuse yourself sometimes after being serious so long. ” —Joseph Haydn i. Music Example: Haydn’s Symphony No. 100 II Joseph Haydn 1732 -1809 Classical Era 1725 -1825 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 1790 1800 1810

Joseph Haydn (1732– 1809) • Austrian composer • Folk song and dance • St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna • Esterházy Patronage – Esterháza • Two successful trips to England • Died in 1809 The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Haydn’s Music • String quartet • 100 -plus symphonies – London Symphonies • Masses, oratorios The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Haydn: Symphony No. 94 (Surprise) • London Symphony • 40 -member orchestra III: Allegro molto, minuet form G major The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Haydn: Symphony No. 94 (Surprise) (Listening Guide) Slow introduction I: Vivace assai, sonata-allegro form II: Andante (slower tempo), theme and variations Theme in C major Staccato Repeated pianissimo Four variations Coda Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Haydn: Symphony No. 94 (Surprise) (Listening Guide) III: Allegro molto tempo, minuet form G major, high-spirited and folklike Captures the charm and humor of folk dance IV: Allegro molto, sonata-allegro form III: Allegro molto, minuet form G major Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

36. Beethoven and the Symphony in Transition • • Ludwig van Beethoven (1770– 1827) German composer and pianist Musical family Unhappy childhood Court musician Played piano for Mozart in Vienna “Freedom above all!” Welcomed to Vienna Treated as equal, not as a servant Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 -1827) Classical Era 1725 -1825 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 1790 1800 1810 1820

36. Beethoven and the Symphony in Transition • • • Modified patronage Concert life and music publishing Hearing loss Eccentric genius Died at age 57, famous and revered Theory of cause of death: lead poisoning The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Beethoven’s Music Three compositional periods • 1 st: Early career • 2 nd: Middle career, more “Romantic” • 3 rd: Late career, introspective, chromatic harmonies The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Symphonies • Nos. 1 and 2, Classical in style • No. 3, “Eroica, ” mature style – Napoleon dedication • Nos. 5 and 7, exhibit universal appeal Symphony No. 7, II • No. 9, “Choral” Symphony – Schiller’s Ode to Joy The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Concertos, Piano Sonatas, Chamber Music, and Vocal Music Contributed to many genres Beethoven Piano Sonata No. 8 in c, (Pathétique), I Beethoven, Serenade in D, Op. 8, I Beethoven Quartet in String F, Op. 59, No. 1, I Beethoven King Stephan, Op. 117, final chorus: “Heil unsern Enkeln!” The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor • Rhythmic idea “three shorts and a long” dominates entire work • Cyclical form, SSSL recurs in all movements • Tonality shifts from C minor to C major The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor (Listening Guide) I: Allegro con brio, sonata-allegro form – “Three shorts and a long” dominates the texture II: Serene double theme and variations – Recurrence of same rhythmic idea III: Scherzo and trio – – – Rocket theme Third and fourth movements linked Recurrence of same rhythmic idea IV: Sonata-allegro form – – Recurrence of same rhythmic idea Extended coda Listening Guide PDF The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition

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