Status of Air Quality Management in Phnom Penh

Status of Air Quality Management in Phnom Penh City, Cambodia Launch Meeting on Cambodia And Laos Initiative for Building Human Resources for the Environment (CALIBRE) Project May 08 – 09, 2008 Goldiana Hotel, Phnom Penh Cambodia By Kok Sothea, MSc.

Contents 1 Introduction 2 General Emission Sources in PNH 3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard 4 Air Quality Monitoring 5 Researches related to Air Pollution 6 Conclusion 7 Possible Future Research at DES 2/25

Introduction-Phnom Penh’s Profile • Location: Phnom Penh • Area: 375 Km 2 • Administrative: 7 Khans (districts) and 76 Sangkats (communes) • Population: more than 1. 2 million with 3. 9% growth rate • Population Density: 3, 460 persons/Km 2 • Climate: Monsoon • Industry: 8 power plants and 251 factories • Motors over 400, 000 and 140, 000 all kinds of automobiles 3/25

Introduction • Air Pollution: the presence in the outdoor and/or indoor air of one or more contaminants or combinations in such concentration and duration, sufficient to produce measurable adverse effects on human beings, animals, vegetation or materials. • The ambient air quality in Cambodia is locally a growing concern. The swift industrial and urban development in certain areas in Cambodia, particularly in Phnom Penh (PHN) city, has produced the air pollution dilemma. 4/25

General Picture on Emission Sources The ambient air quality in the urban part of Cambodia has been affected by: • • industrialization, increasing number of transport vehicles, heavy use of fossil fuels in the energy sector continued use of biomass fuels for cooking and heating • solid waste burning practices 5/25

National Ambient Air Quality Standard The Royal Government of Cambodia has adopted a subdecree control on Air Pollution and Noise Disturbances (42 ANK/BK) with provision on air quality control and noise disturbance by producing standards for emissions Pollutants (mg/m 3) CO NO 2 SO 2 O 3 Pb TSP 1 hr 40 0. 3 0. 5 0. 2 - Averaging Time 8 hr 24 hr 20 0. 1 0. 3 0. 005 0. 33 Annual 0. 1 6/25

Air Quality Monitoring • Automatic monitoring (online) stations do not exist • Mo. E has 4 ground level monitoring stations through the city namely, Toul Kork (NW), Monivong Bridge (SE), Olympic Stadium (Central) and Central Market (NE) • CO, SO 2 and NOx are monthly collected and measured by using passive samplers • Pb and other potentially dangerous substances are not being monitored 7/25

Measured Pollutants Concentration in PHN, 2005 (Mo. E, 2006) 8/25

Researches Related to Air Pollution (1) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh city (Nov 2000 - Feb 2002), conducted by Department of Hygience, Yokohama City University and Department of Pollution Control, Ministry of Environment, Cambodia. (2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh: concentration and chemical composition of ambient particles (March – May 2005) conducted by the Kanazawa University, Japan and Department of Geology, Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, Cambodia (3) Emission Inventory and Modeling for Air Quality Management in Phnom Penh City (2007) conducted by Sothea, Department of Environmental Science, RUPP 9/25

(1) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh • NO 2, CO, SO 2 and SPM were monitored by using a passive tube sampler and high volume sampler, respectively. • C 0 = 2 mg/m 3, SO 2 = 50 µg/m 3, NO 2 = 26. 8 µg/m 3 and SPM = 0. 41 mg/m 3 • This research confirmed that for most of the pollutants are still below the national standards, except the SPM which were found to be higher than the standard. 10/25

(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh: Concentration and Chemical Heavy Metal Concentration PAH concentration TSP concentration in day and night Concentration Sampling at variusperiod city Sampling Site in Phnom Penh City Average PAHs 11/25

(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh: Concentration and Chemical • Samples of ambient particulates were taken at three different sites in Phnom Penh and concentrations of TSP, PAHs and heavy metals were compared to discuss the influence of day and night, location and country dependencies. 1) The average concentration of PAHs per particle mass in Phnom Penh was about 2. 5 times higher during the night. This may be due to emissions from electric generators, kerosene for light and biomass fuel for cooking. 2) PAHs concentration and partitioning of PAHs in the residential area were similar to the central downtown but less concentration of NO 2 indicating less influence of traffic. 12/25

(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh: Concentration and Chemical 3) The PAHs concentrations in Phnom Penh were extremely high and the partitioning of PAHs are similar to cities in Thailand: 6 times higher than Bangkok and 40 times higher than that in Kanazawa, Japan. 13/25

(3) EI & Modeling for UAQM in PNH C Develop an emission inventory for air pollution in Phnom Penh city and to assess the air pollution load from different source types C Apply a modeling system to produce the overall picture of air quality in the city C Propose measures for improvement on AQM for the city 14/25

Research Methodology Recommendations Model Simulation (MUAIR) Emission Reduction Scenarios for Traffic Emission EI Development & Meteorological Data Preparation 15/25

Emission Inventory in 2005 Sources Pollutants (Tons/Year) SOx NOx CO SPM VOC Industry 918 1, 230 169 195 98 Mobile Source 488 7, 600 36, 250 539 6, 290 25 33 4, 440 1, 620 2, 830 Service Sector 9 26 159 12 35 Solid Waste Burning 4 26 366 70 57 Gasoline Station - - 456 Paved Road - - - 877 - Unpaved Road - - - 1, 770 - 1, 440 8, 920 41, 380 5, 080 9, 760 Residential Cooking Total 16/25

First Highest Hourly CO Concentration in 2005 CO concentration of 44 mg/m 3, located in the city center High population density, traffic and emission load Base year with all sources combined 17/25

Quantitative Evaluation • Higher CO concentration from monitoring data PActual vehicle greater than 35% than registered vehicle PMonitoring concentration measure at a specific locations and model results are grid-averaged PConstant emissions rate are used PMeteorological data are extrapolated from 3 h average Maximum concentration Minimum concentration 18/25

Qualitative Evaluation Flow Direction 05 3 2 19 0. 0 0 302. 2 6 05 3 2 20 0. 0 0 302. 2 6 05 3 2 21 0. 0 0 302. 2 6 05 3 2 22 0. 0 0 298. 9 6 05 3 2 23 0. 0 0 298. 9 6 05 3 2 24 0. 0 0 298. 9 6 05 3 3 1 202. 5 1 298. 3 6 Highest CO concentration occur in the first day of March at 22: 00 hrs with wind-speed less than 1 m/s and at a stable condition Thus, MUAIR produces CO concentration in a reasonable agreement with monitoring data and following the pattern as well as emission distribution. 19/25

CO Emission Loads Under Scenarios No effort to reduce the emission Maximum emission load Significant CO emission reduction 20/25

Other Pollutants Emissions Under Scenarios High NOx emission; 26, 070 tons High VOC emission reduction; 7, 410 tons 21/25

Maximum CO concentration under scenarios Exceeding the standard of 40 mg/m 3 Hourly Standard Bring in a very significant CO reduction CO concentration under the acceptable level 22/25

Conclusions • Chemical composition of SPM is a major concern for the city of PHN • Emissions from mobile sources are a major contributor to the air pollution in PHN, therefore priority should be given to control these emissions. • Maximum hourly CO concentration for all sources emissions approached 44 mg/m 3 which exceed the NAAQS of Cambodia of 40 mg/m 3. • The CO concentration level will increase from two to three times under BAU from 2005 to 2020. • The MTS option shows a satisfactory reduction of CO concentration within period from 2005 to 2020. 23/25

Possible Future Research at DES The proposal has been submitted for a grant from SIDA for the topic “ Improving Air Quality in Cambodia” with the following objectives: • To conduct ground level monitoring for PM 2. 5 and its composition for source apportionment study by receptor modeling • To develop/update the emission inventory for Phnom Penh city • To use modeling tools for air quality management to develop management strategies • To contribute to development of the national air quality management policies with consideration of regional air quality issue including LRT 24/25