Rapport du JRC sur les matires premires pour

Rapport du JRC sur les matières premières pour le secteur de la Défense Séminaire Comes “Les métaux critiques pour le secteur de la Défense” Paris, 6 juin 2018 Paul Anciaux European Commission, Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship & SMEs Unit Defence 1 Does not represent an official legal opinion of the European Commission ENTR F

EUROPEAN DEFENCE ACTION PLAN European Defence Fund • Two separate windows – Research and Capability Fostering investment in defence supply chain • Support from EU funds • Regional Clusters of Excellence • Skills Strengthening single market for defence • Procurement and Transfer Directives • Security of Supply => Raw materials

Raw materials • Security of supply is essential for single market for defence • Commission will - within the framework of the EU Raw Materials Strategy – identify bottlenecks and supply risks linked to materials necessary for the development of key capabilities • Targeted actions to mitigate supply risks, incl. strengthening of EU production and substitution of CRM

https: //ec. europa. eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research 4 reports/raw-materials-european-defence-industry

Air sector: JRC analysis Fighter Aircraft: Rafale Transport Aircraft: A 400 M Multirole helicopter: NH 90 Combat helicopter: Tiger Unmanned fighter: n. EUROn SELECTED APPLICATIONS Airframe, Propulsion, Connectors, SUB-SYSTEMS Landing gears, Electronic & Weapon systems, Canopy Compressors, Combustor, Tail, COMPONENTS Body, Turbine, Wings, Fan & Nozzle, Sensors & Communication RAW PROCESSED AND SEMIMATERIALS FINISHED MATERIALS Aluminium- (2000), Titanium. Al, Be, Cd, Cu, (TA 6 V), Nickel- (N-18, AM-1), Ta, Sn, Cr, Ge, Au, Ti, In, Ni, Carbon-epoxy/carbon composites Gallium Arsenide (Ga. As), Mercury Tungsten-, Copper/Aluminium. W, Pb, Mo… Cadmium Telluride (Hg. Cd. Te), Beryllium-, Copper-Bronze Alloys, Neodymium Yttrium-Aluminium Special steel (Marval X 12), etc.

Example – raw materials in a jet aircraft Sensors and electronics: - Gallium - Cadmium - Tellurium - Mercury - Rare earths - Beryllium - Silver Nose: - Kevlar Canopy: - Special glass Fuselage: - Carbon Epoxy composite - Aluminium - Zinc - Magnesium - Copper - Zirconium Engine: - Nickel - Cobalt - Chromium - Molybdenum - Aluminium - Titanium - Hafnium - Vanadium - Tantalum - Tungsten Tail: - Carbon Epoxy composite - Titanium - Aluminium - Vanadium - Copper - Magnesium - Manganese Electro-optical systems: - Cadmium - Tellurium - Mercury - Germanium - Neodymium - Yttrium - Aluminium - Copper - Beryllium - Indium - Tantalum - Cobalt Landing gear: - Aluminium - Titanium - Vanadium - Rubbers - Composites Wings: - Carbon Epoxy composites - Titanium - Aluminium - Vanadium - Copper - Magnesium - Manganese Nozzle and postcombustion: - Carbon composite Flaps: - Iron - Chromium - Nickel - Molybdenum - Aluminium - Titanium

Naval sector: JRC analysis Aircraft carrier: Elizabeth Frigate: Fremm class Submarine: Scorpene Corvettes: Holland class Torpedo: Spearfish SELECTED APPLICATIONS Super-structure, Armament, SUB-SYSTEMS On board electronics, Hull, Propulsion Belts, Turrets, Desks, COMPONENTS Hangar Diesel/gas turbines, guns Sonar, RAW Periscope PROCESSED AND SEMIMATERIALS FINISHED MATERIALS Al, Ba, Be, Cu, Cr, Sm, Au, Ti, In, Pb, Ta, Li, Ge, Special steel (e. g. Marval X 12, MLX 17, W, Mn, MY 19), steel (Inconel 625 ), super Pb… alloys, carbon composites, aluminium alloys (5000&6000), etc.

Example 2 – raw materials in a military submarine Propulsion: - Lithium - Cobalt - Samarium - Barium - Titanium - Nickel - Aluminium - Copper - Molybdenum Periscope, sensors: - Carbon composites - Piezoelectric ceramics Torpedoes: - Lithium - Aluminium - Magnesium - Manganese - Zirconium - Chromium Hull: - Nickel - Chromium - Copper - Molybdenum - Titanium - Manganese - Silicon - Vanadium - Niobium

Land sector: JRC analysis Battle tank: Leopard 2 Infantry vehicle: Boxer Ammunitions: Bonus Self-propelled artillery: Caesar Assault rifle: H&K G 36 Armour, Propulsion, Running gear, Armament, Shell, Structure, On-board electronics Turret, Hull, Tank floor, Turbo engine turbines, Shells, Wheels, Radars, Cannon, Barrel RAW MATERIALS SELECTED APPLICATIONS SUB-SYSTEMS COMPONENTS PROCESSED AND SEMIFINISHED MATERIALS Al, Be, Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe, Pb, Sm, Ga, Ti, Ge, Zn Cr, Special steel (e. g. GKH, GH 4 W), very V, Mn, Se, Nd, high hardness steel, Be alloys, W… aluminium alloys, composites, Hg. Cd. Te, quartz ceramics, etc.

Example 3 – raw materials in a main battle tank SIT communication: - Gallium arsenide - Gallium nitride - Beryllium - Silver Optic-mechanical devices (frames): - Carbon composites - Beryllium - Copper Night vision binoculars: - Germanium - Copper - Tantalum Infrared vision binoculars: - Mercury cadmium telluride Laser range finder: - Neodymium yttriumaluminium garnet - Indium Gun barrels and accessories (breech rings, breech blocks, muzzle brakes): - Carbon - Manganese - Chromium - Nickel - Molybdenum - Vanadium Glass and mirrors, lens, optical windows: - Quartz ceramics Hull: - Beryllium - Magnesium - Chromium - Iron - Titanium - Zirconium Armour: - Tungsten - Composites - Titanium

Raw materials used in the defence industry Aggregated results: 39 raw materials 28 ‘basic’ metals Aluminium Barium Beryllium Cadmium Copper Gallium Germanium Hafnium Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Rhenium Tantalum Thorium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Cobalt Indium Iron Tin Zirconium 3 precious metals 6 rare earths Chromium 2 nonmetals Dysprosium Samarium Gold Boron Neodymium Yttrium Platinum Selenium Praseodymium Other REE* Silver * A group of other 11 REEs Titanium

Raw materials in defence and critical materials 20 out of 39 materials are in the 2017 CRM list Critical raw materials Non-critical raw materials 5 Supply Risk 4 LREEs HREEs Materials important for defence applications Notes: - Boron is associated with borate, and barium with baryte - From PGMs, only platinum was found to relevant for defence - Cadmium, thorium and zirconium were also identified as important for defence Antimony Phosphorus Magnesium Bismuth Niobium Borate 3 Scandium Natural graphite PGMs Beryllium Indium Bauxite Germanium 2 Tungsten Helium Vanadium Baryte Gallium SR threshold (1) Sapele wood Natural cork Lithium Rhenium Coking coal 1 Perlite 0. 0 0. 5 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 2. 5 3. 0 EI threshold (2. 8) Tin Phosphate rock Natural Rubber Manganese Molybdenum Iron ore Potash Magnesite Sulphur Silver Zinc Selenium Diatomite Nickel Titanium Copper Lead Feldspar Kaolin clay Gypsum Talc Bentonite Silica sand Aggregates Gold Limestone 0 Fluorspar Hafnium Silicon metal Tantalum Tellurium Natural Teak wood Cobalt 3. 5 4. 0 4. 5 Economic Importance 5. 0 Chromium Aluminium 5. 5 6. 0 6. 5 7. 0 7. 5

Import dependency on raw materials used in defence industry EU - totally dependent on imports for 14 out of 31* raw materials - more that 50% import reliant for circa ¾ of them 100 99 99 97 89 89 84 73 72 57 53 51 48 42 35 29 24 Be Ge In Mg Mo Nb Ta Th Ti V Zr Au REE B Pt Sn W Co Mn Ba Fe Zn Cu Al Ag Ni Cr Li Cd Pd 0 Ga Hf Rh Se * the rare earth elements were considered as a single group; three elements were not assessed due to data unavailability

Major supplier countries of the 39 raw materials One-third of the raw materials used in the European defence industry are produced in China N. B. the first two supplier countries were considered in this analysis (data from World Mining Data, 2015)

Quantity vs quality • Quantities of raw materials in defence applications tend to be relatively small compared to civil applications, with the exception of the naval sector • The issue may be more the required quality in terms of material purity or even microstructure Examples • High-purity germanium for night-vision systems • N 5+ purities level gallium arsenide-based chips for defence applications • Superalloys with single crystal microstructure, coated with thin zirconium layer in blades of high-performance jet engine

Processed materials vs raw materials • Most defence applications integrate processed and semifinished materials • 47 different alloys, compounds and composites were identified Example of processed materials used in fighter aircraft Composites materials (e. g. carbon-epoxy) Aluminum alloys (e. g. 2000 and 7000 series) Steel alloys (e. g. MARVAL X 12) Super alloys (e. g. Ni-based N 18 and AM 1) Titanium alloys (e. g. TA 6 V) Others (e. g. ceramic materials) Mainly produced in USA and Japan Important industrial players are located also in EU

Value chain of materials for defence applications Strength of downstream value chain: an additional challenge related to security of supply of (raw) materials for defence industry Raw Materials Suppliers Manufacturers End Users (prime contractors) Unprocessed minerals, refined metals and nonmetals materials • Anglo American Plc, Glencore Plc, Rio Tinto Plc, etc. Processed and semi-finished materials (alloys, composite films), products • AMG NV, Aperam SA, Doncasters Group , Eramet Group, HC Starck, VDM Metals, Costellium NV, etc. Fighter aircraft, frigates, battle tank, missiles… • BAE Systems, EADS, Finmeccanica, Thales, Rolls. Royce, Safran, DCNC, Babcock Group, etc.

Follow-up study on Materials for dual-use applications relevant to the European Defence sector - Carried out by JRC February 2018 - February 2019 • Building on the results of: - 2017 EC study exploring the dual-use potential of Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) https: //bookshop. europa. eu/en/study-on-the-dual-use-potential-of-keyenabling-technologies-kets--pb. EA 0716118/ -

Study on Materials for dual-use technologies relevant to the European Defence sector Raw materials Refined materials Processed materials (e. g. special alloys, composites etc. ) Components Systems Geopolitics Concentration of supply Availability of EU manufacturing capacity