Extending Crop Growth Monitoring System CGMS for mapping

European heat-wave in summer 2003 • Rainfall deficit • Higher temperatures But similar or

In Belgium, for specific crops, productivities were similar or better in 2003 than 2002

Drought is a temporary protracted period of deficient (unusual) in water or moisture availability.

The aim of B-CGMS is to provide the Belgian authorities with reliable, timely and

Extending B-CGMS for mapping drought stress at regional scale Soil Mapping Units Administrative limits

Development and integration of a Drought Stress Indicator using B-CGMS information (input and output

Actual soil moisture content [cm 3 cm-3] Relative Soil Moisture Index [%] RSMI =

θwp θfc Vereecken Pedotransfert functions Volumetric soil water content as a function of pressure

θt Crops Weather Soil Temporal Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and

Soil moisture deficit threshold is crop specific • RSMI < T Drought Stress •

Water stress is crop specific and is function of the crop phenological development stage.

DSI is defined as the number of days affected by a water stress which

Step 5: Aggregation into administrative limits 14 480 Elementary Mapping Units 26 Belgian Agro-statistical

DSI: detect water stress by crops 2003 Winter Wheat Drought Stress Index Walloon Agricultural

DSI: Spatial comparaison Drought Stress Index 2003 Yield 2003/2002 (%) Walloon Agricultural Research Centre

1976 2002 2003 Drought Stress Index Forage Maize Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry,

DSI: Water stress monitoring Week 19 Week 21 Week 22 Week 20 Week 23

Conclusion - Spatial water stress assessment (grid 10 x 10 km or Administrative levels)

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Extending Crop Growth Monitoring System (CGMS) for mapping drought stress at regional scale • • • D. Buffet, R. Oger Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit • • F. Delongueville, B. Tychon University of Liège, Sciences & Management Dept. Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Workshop on Climatic Analysis and Mapping for Agriculture 14 -17 June 2005, Bologna, Italy

European heat-wave in summer 2003 • Rainfall deficit • Higher temperatures But similar or different impacts on various crops ? August 2003 – © CNES The effects of the drought on vegetation in August 2003 is clearly visible at a global scale. Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Special meteorological weather conditions:

In Belgium, for specific crops, productivities were similar or better in 2003 than 2002 !! DVS (Phenological Index) This can be explained by earlier maturity due to climatic conditions more favorable than last year at the same time. Relative difference (%) between productivity in July 2003 with the same period in 2002. (Derived from SPOT-VGT images and meteorological data). 2003 2002 Monitoring drought stress spatially and temporally Decade Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Belgian conditions in 2003

Drought is a temporary protracted period of deficient (unusual) in water or moisture availability. 3 different droughts can be considered; Meteorological, Hydrological and Agricultural droughts. (sources FAO & NDMC) Agricultural Drought: Agricultural drought occurs when there is not enough soil moisture to meet the needs of a particular crop at a particular time and in a particular place resulting in extensive damage to crops. • It is the impact of meteorological and/or hydrological droughts on crop yields and quality. => Rainfall & Soil Moisture Monitoring • Different impacts depending on the crop • Different impacts depending on the phenological stage Spatialised Drought Index based on soil moisture deficit ratio and specific to crops and their growth cycle Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre What is drought?

The aim of B-CGMS is to provide the Belgian authorities with reliable, timely and objective estimations of crop yields / productions at regional and national scales. • Based on the EU-CGMS (MARS – JRC) • B-CGMS = Agrometeorological model + Remote Sensing + Statistics • B-CGMS monitors crop development, driven by: 1. 2. 3. 4. meteorological conditions soil characteristics crop parameters satellite data 5 main crops + grasslands monitored at regional & national scales Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre An integrated system : B-CGMS

Extending B-CGMS for mapping drought stress at regional scale Soil Mapping Units Administrative limits Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Grid weather 14 480 Elementary Mapping Units for Belgium Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be

Development and integration of a Drought Stress Indicator using B-CGMS information (input and output data). • Meteorological data • Availability of spatially accurate soil characteristics • Availability of spatially land-use/land-cover • 5 main crops + grasslands parameters • Spatial information • Time series (Monitoring) Drought Stress Index Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Extending B-CGMS for mapping drought stress at regional scale

Actual soil moisture content [cm 3 cm-3] Relative Soil Moisture Index [%] RSMI = θt - θwp θfc - θwp Soil moisture content at field capacity [cm 3 cm-3] Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Soil moisture content at wilting point [cm 3 cm-3] Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Step 1: Relative Soil Moisture Index [RSMI]

θwp θfc Vereecken Pedotransfert functions Volumetric soil water content as a function of pressure head h sat = 0, 81 + 0, 0013*C - 0, 283*BD r = 0, 015 + 0, 005*C + 0, 0139*OC [cm³/cm³] ln( ) = -2, 486 + 0, 025/S - 0, 023*C - 0, 351*OC - 2, 617*BD ln(n) = 0, 053 - 0, 009*S - 0, 013*C + 0, 00015*S² Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre B-CGMS Soil Moisture (inputs)

Actual soil moisture content [cm 3 cm-3] Relative Soil Moisture Index [%] RSMI = θt - θwp θfc - θwp Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Relative Soil Moisture Index [RSMI]

θt Crops Weather Soil Temporal Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre B-CGMS Soil Moisture (outputs)

Soil moisture deficit threshold is crop specific • RSMI < T Drought Stress • RSMI >= T No Drought Stress Forage Maize: T = 0. 50 Winter Wheat: T = 0. 55 Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Step 2: Soil Moisture Deficit Threshold [T]

Water stress is crop specific and is function of the crop phenological development stage. • Phenological development stages come from B-CGMS outputs Forage Maize: SP = anthesis +/- 15 days ( 5 weeks) Winter wheat: SP = From Stem elongation to grain filling ( 8 weeks) Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Step 3: Crop Sensitive Period [SP]

DSI is defined as the number of days affected by a water stress which occurred during a critical period and for a given crop Drought Stress Index = ∑ (RSMI < T) SP Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Step 4: Drought Stress Index [DSI]

Step 5: Aggregation into administrative limits 14 480 Elementary Mapping Units 26 Belgian Agro-statistical Circumscriptions 14 Belgian Agricultural Regions Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre 570 Belgian Municipalities

DSI: detect water stress by crops 2003 Winter Wheat Drought Stress Index Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Forage Maize

DSI: Spatial comparaison Drought Stress Index 2003 Yield 2003/2002 (%) Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Drought Stress Index

1976 2002 2003 Drought Stress Index Forage Maize Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre DSI: Temporal comparaison

DSI: Water stress monitoring Week 19 Week 21 Week 22 Week 20 Week 23 Drought Stress Index Forage Maize Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Week 18

Conclusion - Spatial water stress assessment (grid 10 x 10 km or Administrative levels) - Temporal water stress assessment (10 -day time step) Is based on: - Meteorological parameters (Precipitation deficit assessment) - Soil characteristics (Soil moisture deficit assessment) - Crop specificities (Soil moisture deficit threshold) - Phenological development stage (Crop sensitive period) Useful tool for Administration: - Water stress monitoring to identify calamities areas - Water stress monitoring to identify affected crops - Decision Support Tool for yield damage delineation and evaluation Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology Unit buffet@cra. wallonie. be – oger@cra. wallonie. be Walloon Agricultural Research Centre Drought Stress Index allows: