Protein Synthesis DNA codes for a Protein DNA

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Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis

DNA codes for a Protein

DNA codes for a Protein

DNA vs. RNA: • Thymine (T) switched to Uracil (U) • Single stranded •

DNA vs. RNA: • Thymine (T) switched to Uracil (U) • Single stranded • Sugar is a ribose

Three Kinds of RNA… • m. RNA (messenger RNA) • r. RNA (ribosomal RNA)

Three Kinds of RNA… • m. RNA (messenger RNA) • r. RNA (ribosomal RNA) • t. RNA (transfer RNA)

What’s a protein anyway? • Proteins are large biomolecules made up of amino acids

What’s a protein anyway? • Proteins are large biomolecules made up of amino acids • 2 major kinds: 1) structural – eg. muscle, hair, bone 2) functional – eg. Enzymes, haemoglobin, and antibodies

Functional Proteins • Perform many functions such as: – Speed up chemical reactions that

Functional Proteins • Perform many functions such as: – Speed up chemical reactions that happen in the cell (= enzymes) – transport molecules across membranes – motors (eg. for moving around parts of the cell)

• Amino acids get put together in a long line to form proteins

• Amino acids get put together in a long line to form proteins • This line of amino acids then folds up and gives the protein a 3 D shape • There are multiple levels of structure (Bio 12)

How does DNA lead to protein? • Protein Synthesis is made up of two

How does DNA lead to protein? • Protein Synthesis is made up of two steps • 1) Transcription (DNA -> m. RNA) • 2) Translation (m. RNA -> protein)

• Part 1: Transcription (trans-across, cription-to write) • DNA is only ever found

• Part 1: Transcription (trans-across, cription-to write) • DNA is only ever found in the nucleus (master blueprints can’t leave) • DNA is copied into a small strand of m. RNA that CAN leave the nucleus

• Part 2: Translation (trans-across, lation-to carry/bring) • m. RNA leaves the nucleus

• Part 2: Translation (trans-across, lation-to carry/bring) • m. RNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome in the cytoplasm • A ribosome reads three bases of the m. RNA at a time, and puts the appropriate amino acid in place • These three base “sets” are called codons • A t. RNA (transfer RNA) fetches the amino acid for the ribosome

Can you determine the corresponding amino acids to the RNA codon? CAC: _________ GUA:

Can you determine the corresponding amino acids to the RNA codon? CAC: _________ GUA: _________ GCU: _________ AGG: _________ • 20 possible amino acids used to make proteins • 64 possible combinations of codons – This leads to duplication/redundancy – this allows mistakes to be made without preventing the protein from working!

• Let’s practice building a small protein! DNA Triplet m. RNA Codon Amino

• Let’s practice building a small protein! DNA Triplet m. RNA Codon Amino acid TAC AGA TGT GAA GTG CGG CCT ATT

• Whoops! A random mutation occurred! DNA Triplet m. RNA Codon Amino acid

• Whoops! A random mutation occurred! DNA Triplet m. RNA Codon Amino acid TAC AGA GT GAA GTG CGG CCT ATT

Summary: 1. DNA is copied into m. RNA (transcription) 2. m. RNA leaves the

Summary: 1. DNA is copied into m. RNA (transcription) 2. m. RNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome 3. m. RNA codon (triplet) is read and a matching amino acid is added to the chain (translation) (this chain will form a protein)

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