DNA Protein Synthesis Mrs Bottachiari DNA Protein Synthesis
DNA & Protein Synthesis Mrs. Bottachiari
DNA & Protein Synthesis Genes and You
DNA & Protein Synthesis BIG, BIG SUBJECT ON THE REGENTS EXAM!!!
DNA & Protein Synthesis • Know that DNA RNA Protein (Central Dogma of Genetics) • Know that DNA makes up your genes. • Know that DNA coils up and becomes Chromosomes • Know that the nucleus contains DNA/Genes/Chromosomes
DNA & Protein Synthesis • Every cell in your body contains the same genes, but some genes are turned off and some genes are turned on in different cells. • Know these hierarchies: DNA chromosomes nucleus Nucleus cell tissues organs systems organism
DNA & Protein Synthesis • DNA must duplicate itself before a cell can perform mitosis or meiosis. • DNA must replicate EXACTLY or the cell may not function properly.
HIERARCHY
Human Genome Project
Organic Compounds 4 organic compounds: 1. 2. 3. 4. Starch Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids
Organic Compounds 1. Protein a. Made of amino acids b. Examples: antibodies, hormones and enzymes c. Some uses: nervous conduction, muscle contraction Protein
Organic Compounds 2. Lipid a. made of glycerol and fatty acids b. Component of plasma membranes c. Used for energy, insulation and protection Plasma Membrane
Organic Compounds 3. Carbohydrate a. building blocks: monosaccharide b. function: energy c. component of plasma membrane
Organic Compounds 4. Nucleic Acid: a. made of nucleotides b. Examples: DNA and RNA c. Found in the nucleus d. Function: heredity and protein synthesis
Nucleic Acids A. Composed of H, O, C, N and P -Organic compounds -Types: DNA and RNA -Size: largest organic molecule
Nucleic Acids B. Building Blocks: 1. Nucleotides a. made of P, 5 carbon sugar & a nitrogenous base
ASSESSMENT • What are the A. Glucose molecules structural units B. Amino acids of a DNA C. Lipids molecule? D. Nucleotides
ASSESSMENT Base P What is the blue component in the structure to the left? A. phosphate B. DNA C. Deoxyribose sugar D. Nitrogenous base
• Nucleotide structure in a DNA molecule • DNA and RNA are made up of nitrogenous bases
ASSESSMENT • All nucleotides of A. Uracil base B. Thymine base DNA and RNA contain a C. Ribose sugar D. Phosphate group
Nucleic Acids 2. Nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. in DNA
Nucleic Acids 3. 2 classes of nitrogenous bases: *Purines: adenine (A) and guanine (G)
uracil Nucleic Acids 3. 2 classes of nitrogenous bases: *Pyrimidines: uracil (U), cytosine (C) and thymine (T)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) A. Function: heredity B. Location: nucleus
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) C. Structure: 1. Double helix (twisted ladder) 2. Rungs of ladder a. Nitrogenous bases i. Thymine paired with adenine ii. Cytosine paired with guanine
ASSESSMENT • If the base sequence of one strand of DNA is CACTGG, what would the corresponding strand be? A. CACTGG B. GGTCAC C. GTGACC D. GTGUCC
DNA C. Structure: 1. Double helix (twisted ladder) 2. Rungs of ladder a. Nitrogenous bases i. Thymine paired with adenine ii. Cytosine paired with guanine
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) C. Structure: 3. Sides of ladder: a. alternating phosphate b. deoxyribose sugar
ASSESSMENT • In nucleotides, the letters A, G, C, and T represent A. Phosphate groups B. Deoxyribose sugars C. Nitrogenous bases D. Ribose sugars
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Nitrogenous base pairing A-T G-C
ASSESSMENT • The coded information of a DNA molecule is determined by the A. Sequence of amino acids B. Number of ribose units C. Sequence of the nitrogenous bases D. Sequence of the sugar-phosphate units
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) A. Function: protein synthesis B. Location: cytoplasm
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) C. Structure 1. Single stranded
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) C. Structure 2. Made of nucleotides a. Nitrogenous bases i. Guanine ii. Adenine iii. Cytosine iv. Uracil b. phosphate c. ribose sugar
ASSESSMENT • What are the A. Lipids structural units of B. Nucleotides an RNA C. Amino acids molecule? D. Glucose molecules
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Nitrogenous base pairing A-U C-G
ASSESSMENT • Which nucleic acid contains thymine instead of uracil? A. DNA B. RNA
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) D. Types of RNA 1. m. RNA 2. r. RNA 3. t. RNA
ASSESSMENT • Which pair of molecules, when bonded together, would most likely be found in a nucleotide of RNA? A. Ribose and adenine B. Ribose and thymine C. Deoxyribose and guanine D. Deoxyribose and uracil.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) D. Types of RNA 1. messenger RNA: created in the nucleus by DNA
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) D. Types of RNA 2. Ribosomal RNA a. makes up a ribosome. b. Globular in structure. c. Ribosomes are made of a large and a small subunit
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) D. Types of RNA 3. transfer RNA a. located in cytoplasm. b. contains a spot for an amino acid to attach
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) D. Types of RNA 3. transfer RNA c. contains an anticodon that corresponds to m. RNA d. carries amino acids
DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Strands Double Single Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Location Nucleus Cytoplasm Base Pairs A-T G-C A-U G-C
DNA HISTORY 1868 Fredrich Meischer found Nucleic acid P. A. Levine found DNA composition 1860 3 classes of organic compounds 1927 Griffith proposed that hereditary info passes on 1953 Hershey & Chase showed DNA Is genetic material 1953 Watson and Crick discovered DNA structure
DNA HISTORY • 1860 • Scientists only knew that carbs, lipids and proteins existed. • Johann Loschmidt Austrian Chemist
DNA HISTORY • 1860 • Scientists only knew that carbs, lipids and proteins existed. • Lincoln was President 16 th president
DNA HISTORY • 1860 • Scientists only knew that carbs, lipids and proteins existed. • Coin made in Denver
DNA HISTORY • 1860 • Scientists only knew that carbs, lipids and proteins existed. • The song “Oh Susanna” was written
DNA HISTORY • 1860 • Scientists only knew that carbs, lipids and proteins existed. • Civil War 1861 -1865 Union vs. Confederates
DNA HISTORY • 1860 • Scientists only knew that carbs, lipids and proteins existed. • Bicycle with pedals and cranks is invented
DNA HISTORY • • 1868 Friedrich Miescher Found Nucleic Acid Separated material from the nucleus of fish sperm & called it: nuclein. • Nuclein was found to be acidic. Now called nucleic acid.
DNA HISTORY • 1868 • Friedrich Miescher • Found Nucleic Acid • Andrew Johnson (17 th president) was president.
DNA HISTORY • 1868 • Friedrich Miescher • Found Nucleic Acid • 2 cent U. S. coins from 1868
DNA HISTORY • 1868 • Friedrich Miescher • Found Nucleic Acid Johannes Brahms - Symphony 1
DNA HISTORY • 1868 • Friedrich Miescher • Found Nucleic Acid • 3 yrs after the Civil war was won by the Union
DNA HISTORY • 1868 • Friedrich Miescher • Found Nucleic Acid Thomas Edison invented the electrical vote recorder
DNA HISTORY • 1927 • Griffith’s experiment • Used pneumoccous bacteria & found pneumonia vaccine
DNA HISTORY • Proposed that hereditary info was passed from dead type S Type R allowing them to make a capsule
DNA HISTORY • • • 1927 Griffith 30 th U. S. president: Calvin Coolidge
DNA HISTORY • 1927 • Griffith • The 1 st Mickey mouse cartoon ever was released in 1928 (Plane Crazy)
DNA HISTORY AVERY • 1944 • Avery, Macleod and Mc. Carthy • Found that DNA produced the new traits in Griffith’s experiment • Proved DNA is the genetic substance NOT proteins.
DNA HISTORY • 1953 • Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase • Showed that DNA is the genetic material (just like Avery, Macleod and Mc. Carthy) Alfred Hershey
DNA HISTORY • • 1953 Hershey and Chase Used bacteriophage Tagged virus DNA with radioactive phosphorus (P is NOT in protein) • Tagged protein coat with radioactive sulfur (Sulfur is NOT in DNA
D N A H I S T O R Y
DNA HISTORY • 1953 • James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin discovered the structure of DNA
DNA HISTORY • Found the paired nitrogenous bases. • 2003 was the 50 th anniversary for the discovery of the DNA double helix. 1993
DNA HISTORY • Franklin produced the x-ray crystallography pictures that Watson and Crick used to figure out the structure of DNA • Franklin was born in England. Reference: DNAi. org
DNA HISTORY • In 1951, Franklin was working at King’s College. • Franklin’s job was to set up and improve the X-ray crystallography unit at the College. • Maurice Wilkins was already using X-ray crystallography to try to solve the DNA problem at King's College. Reference: DNAi. org
DNA HISTORY • Wilkins was away when Franklin was hired. He returned and assumed she was his assistant. • Their relationship was never very friendly. Reference: DNAi. org
DNA HISTORY Reference: DNAi. org • Franklin produced high resolution pictures of DNA. • She figured out the basic dimensions of DNA strands. • She also figured out that the phosphates were on the outside of what was probably a helical structure.
DNA HISTORY • Franklin gave a lecture on her findings at King’s College. • Watson attended this meeting but says that he did not pay attention and could not explain her data to Crick Reference: DNAi. org
DNA HISTORY • Wilkins showed Watson and Crick Franklin’s data • Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA from her data • Watson, Crick and Wilkins received the Nobel prize in 1962 Reference: DNAi. org
Reference: DNAi. org DNA HISTORY • Franklin died of cancer in 1958 and never received the Nobel prize • They do not give out posthumous prizes. Died in 2004 Died in 1958
Theories and Laws A. Gene. Chromosome Theory - Genes are found on chromosomes 1. Genes are like beads on a string
Theories and Laws A. Gene. Chromosome Theory 2. Traits that are inherited together are linked on the same chromosome.
Theories and Laws A. Gene. Chromosome Theory Red hair and freckles are two genes linked closely on chromosome 16
Theories and Laws A. Gene-Chromosome Theory 3. Linkage groups can be separated by crossing over. - It is more likely to separate the linked groups if the linked genes are farther apart.
Theories and Laws Gene-Chromosome Theory 6. Gene maps are used to find the positions of genes on a chromosome.
Theories and Laws B. Gregor Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment 1. Genes for different traits are separated and distributed to gametes independently of one another 2. Exceptions: Linked genes
MUTATIONS 1. Sudden change in structure or amount of genetic material
MUTATIONS 2. Can occur during meiosis 3. Must be in a gamete for the mutation to be inherited
MUTATIONS -Mutations in somatic cells can NOT be inherited. 4. Characteristics of Mutations: a. most are disadvantageous
MUTATIONS 4. Characteristics of Mutations b. most are recessive c. are random
MUTATIONS TYPES OF MUTATIONS A. Chromosomal B. Gene He. La Karyotype 1951
MUTATIONS • Chromosomal mutations: abnormal change in structure or # of chromosomes -Down syndrome
MUTATIONS 5. Nondysjunction chromosomes do not separate correctly during meiosis • One cell receives an extra chromosome and one cell does not receive a chromosome.
MUTATIONS 5. Nondysjunction a. Down syndrome: Trisomy 21. Patients have 3 copies of the 21 st chromosome Have 47 chromosomes
MUTATIONS 5. Nondysjunction b. Turner’s Syndrome: females are missing one X chromosome. There can never be a male with this disorder. Monosomy. (X, 0) 46
MUTATIONS Symptoms of Turner’s 1. Short stature 2. Broad webbed neck 3. Poor breast development 3. Sterile 4. Most lead normal lives.
MUTATIONS c. Klinefelter’s Syndrome 1. Male with XXY (47) 2. Have one extra X chromosome. 3. Males are usually sterile. 4. Possible mental retardation
MUTATIONS
MUTATIONS Trisomy 18 (Edward’s) • Almost always fatal before 1 st year • Congestive heart failure, brain defects, mental deficiencies, clenched hands
MUTATIONS Trisomy 13 • Patau’s Syndrome • 80% of children die within 1 st month. • Brain defects, seizures, deafness, eye abnormalities, cleft palate, extra digits
MUTATIONS 6. Gene Mutation – Change that affects a gene on a chromosome a. Sickle cell anemia
MUTATIONS a. Sickle Cell anemia i. Lethal recessive ii. Need 2 copies of the defective gene to have complete sickle cell iii. Cause: abnormal hemoglobin
MUTATIONS a. Sickle Cell anemia iv. RBC’s have abnormal sickle shape v. RBC’s get stuck in blood vessels vi. Symptoms: pain, low O 2, weakness and paleness
MUTATIONS a. Sickle Cell anemia vii. Can be advantageous. Patients with one copy of the defective sickle cell gene makes it difficult for the plasmodium to enter the RBC’s They have no or mild sickle cell symptoms
MUTATIONS b. PHENYLKETONURIA i. PKU ii. recessive iii. Cause: missing enzyme to break down amino acid phenylalanine
MUTATIONS b. PHENYLKETONURIA iv. Damages brain cells and causes mental retardation v. Pts have special diet.
MUTATIONS c. TAY-SACHS DISEASE i. recessive ii. Common in Ashkenazi Jews iii. Missing enzyme to break down lipids iv. Lipids build up in the brain & causes mental retardation
MUTATIONS c. TAY-SACHS DISEASE Symptoms: normal at birth but then 1. blindness 2. deafness 3. paralysis 4. dementia 5. seizures Patients usually die before 6 th birthday.
MUTATIONS d. CYSTIC FIBROSIS i. Recessive ii. Defect on chromosome 7
MUTATIONS d. CYSTIC FIBROSIS iii. Symptoms: mucus builds up in lungs and pancreas and stops digestive and decreases O 2 & CO 2 exchange. iv. Causes breathing problems, infections
MUTATIONS e. Huntington’s Disease i. Dominant lethal ii. Only need 1 defective copy of the gene to be fatal iii. Onset is 40 yrs old iv. Breaks down brain cells. http: //www. path. sunysb. edu/neuropath/images/miscbrain 2. jpg
FACTORS THAT CAUSE MUTATIONS 1. x-rays 2. Radioactive isotopes (nuclear power plants) 3. UV radiation 4. Carcinogens from cigarettes http: //www. faqs. org/nutrition/images/nwaz_02_img 0215. jpg
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