Phonetics and Phonemics 1 Phonetics and Phonemics n

Phonetics and Phonemics 1

Phonetics and Phonemics: n The principle goal of Phonetics is to provide an exact description of every known speech sound n Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language n Phonemics is used for the study of speech sounds as they are perceived of by speakers of particular language 2

Phonetics: n Articulatory phonetics ¨ How any given speech sound is produced, with particular emphasis on anatomical detail n Acoustical phonetics ¨ The emphasis is on observable, measurable characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds ¨ Provides theoretical and experimental background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware 3

Articulatory phonetics : n The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe speech sound in the terms of position of the vocal organs n Phonetic alphabet ¨ Phoneticians have had to devise their own system of notation n IPA n ARPAbet 4

Excitation Of The Speech System Phonation n Whispering n Frication n Compression n Vibration n 5

Articulatory phonetics n (consonants) : Categories ¨ Consonants: easy to define in anatomical terms n Point of articulation: this I the location of the principal constriction in the vocal tract ¨ ¨ ¨ Bilabial Labiodental Apicogingival Apicoalveolar Apicodomal Laminoalveolar Laminodomal Centrodomal Dorsovelar Pharyngeal Glottal 6

…Consonants: n Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at the point of articulation and the manner of release into the following sound Plosive ¨ Aspirated ¨ Affricative ¨ Fricative ¨ Lateral ¨ Semivowel ¨ Nasal ¨ Trill ¨ 7

…Consonants: n Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of phonation Voiced ¨ Unvoiced ¨ 8

Articulatory phonetics (vowels) : ¨ Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants, this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by Tongue high or low n Tongue front or back n Lips rounded or unrounded n Nasalized or unnasalized n n Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another 9

Articulatory phonetics : ¨Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another ¨Coarticulation: n No speech sound is produced accurately in the context of other sound n Overlapping of phonetic features from phone to phone is termed coarticulation 10

Phonemics: n Phonetics is a view of speech sounds considered in isolation from any languages n Phonemics is the view from within some specific language n Phonemes ¨ In phonetics, an individual sound is a phone ¨ In phonemics, the smallest unit is the phoneme 11

Phonemics (phonemes): n A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a given language that is sufficient to differentiate one word from another n Example: ¨ In English, Voicing is a feature which distinguishes between two phonemes n ‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’ ¨ In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in German n ‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta: g] or [ta: k] 12

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Phonemics (phonemes): n The largest number of phoneme known is 45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in Hawaiian n English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29 to 45 phonemes, depending on how they are analyzed 15

Phonemics (Allophones): n A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically similar sound which are accepted by the speakers of the language as being the same sound. Members of the set are called allophones. n Example: ¨ The /k/ in “kin” and “cup”. ¨ The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”. 16

English Phonemes uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae eh ih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr el Semi-vowels y r l el w Vowels Fricatives jh ch s sh z zh f th v dh Nasals m n ng em en eng nx Stops b d g p t k dx q bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kcl hv hh Aspiration 17

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