Ling 101 Hermon Phonetics and Phonology 1 Phonetics

Ling 101, Hermon Phonetics and Phonology 1

Phonetics and Phonology • Phonetics: how sounds are produced and what their physical properties are 2

Phonetics and Phonology • Phonetics: how sounds are produced and what their physical properties are • Phonology: the organization of sounds in a language 3

Speech Production Mechanism 4

The Vocal Tract 5

States of the Glottis (Vocal Folds) 6

English Vowels 7

English Consonants 8

9

Phonetics: Goals Learn the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) as adapted to English. 10

Phonetics Goals: the IPA • Learn the (modified) IPA [International Phonetic Alphabet] symbols for English 11

Phonetics Goals: the IPA • Learn the (modified) IPA [International Phonetic Alphabet] symbols for English • Learn to read IPA with correct pronunciation of English words 12

Phonetics Goals: the IPA • Learn the IPA [International Phonetic Alphabet] symbols for English • Learn to read IPA with correct pronunciation of English words • Learn to transcribe English using IPA symbols 13

Phonetics Goals • Learn how English sounds are made • Learn how our anatomy influences how we make speech sounds 14

How are vowels made? 15

How are vowels made? • The glottis (vocal folds) hum as air passes out of the lungs 16

How are vowels made? • The glottis (vocal folds) hum like the strings of a violin as air passes out of the lungs • The shape of the vocal tract determines what vowel is heard. 17

How do we control, the shape of the vocal tract? • Tongue height 18

How do we control, the shape of the vocal tract? • Tongue height • Tongue advancement 19

How do we control, the shape of the vocal tract? • Tongue height • Tongue advancement • Lip rounding 20

How do we control, the shape of the vocal tract? • • Tongue height Tongue advancement Lip rounding Tenseness 21

The Result: 22

Example: [i] as in key 23

Example: [i] as in key • Tongue is high 24

Example: [i] as in key • Tongue is high • Tongue is front 25

Example: [i] as in key • Tongue is high • Tongue is front • Lips are not rounded 26

Example: [i] as in key • • Tongue is high Tongue is front Lips are not rounded Mouth is tense 27

Description of [i] The vowel [i] is a high front tense unrounded vowel. 28

Example: [a] as in Mom 29

Example: [a] as in Mom • Tongue is low 30

Example: [a] as in Mom • Tongue is low • Tongue is back 31

Example: [a] as in Mom • Tongue is low • Tongue is back • Lips are not rounded 32

Example: [a] as in Mom • • Tongue is low Tongue is back Lips are not rounded Mouth is not tense 33

Example: [a] as in Mom [a] is a low back lax unrounded vowel 34

Example: [ʊ] as in book 35

Example: [ʊ] as in book • Tongue is high 36

Example: [ʊ] as in book • Tongue is high • Tongue is back 37

Example: [ʊ] as in book • Tongue is high • Tongue is back • Lips are rounded 38

Example: [ʊ] as in book • • Tongue is high Tongue is back Lips are rounded Mouth is not tense 39

Example: [ʊ] as in book [ʊ] is a high back lax rounded vowel. 40

How are consonants formed? 41

How are consonants formed? • Consonants are the beginning (onset) or end (offset) of vowels. 42

How are consonants formed? • Consonants are the beginning (onset) or end (offset) of vowels. • Consonants (often) block or interfere with the passing of air from the lungs. 43

How are consonants formed? Consonants can be more complicated than vowels. 44

Some Factors in Consonant Formation 45

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • State of the glottis (vocal folds) 46

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • State of the glottis (vocal folds) – Folds open (voiceless, no “hum”) 47

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • State of the glottis (vocal folds) – Folds open (voiceless, no “hum”) – Voiceless consonants like [p], [t] and [k] – Not voiced consonants like [b], [d] and [g] 48

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • State of the glottis (vocal folds) – Folds near each other (voiced, “humming”) 49

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • State of the glottis (vocal folds) – Folds near each other (voiced, “humming”) – Voiced consonants like [b], [z] and [n] 50

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • State of the glottis (vocal folds) • Place of articulation 51

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • State of the glottis (vocal folds) • Place of articulation – where is the air blocked or interfered with? 52

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Place of articulation – where is the air blocked or interfered with? • [p]: The air is blocked at the two lips 53

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Place of articulation – where is the air blocked or interfered with? • [p]: The air is blocked at the two lips • The place of articulation is bilabial 54

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Places of articulation – Two lips (bilabial) 55

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Places of articulation – Two lips (bilabial) – Lip and upper teeth (labiodental) 56

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Places of articulation – Two lips (bilabial) – Lip and upper teeth (labiodental) – Between teeth (interdental) 57

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Places of articulation – Two lips (bilabial) – Lip and upper teeth (labiodental) – Between teeth (interdental) – Alveolar ridge (alveolar) 58

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Places of articulation – Two lips (bilabial) – Lip and upper teeth (labiodental) – Between teeth (interdental) – Alveolar ridge (alveolar) – Hard palate (palatal) 59

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Places of articulation – Two lips (bilabial) – Lip and upper teeth (labiodental) – Between teeth (interdental) – Alveolar ridge (alveolar) – Hard palate (palatal) – Velum (velar) 60

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Places of articulation – Two lips (bilabial) – Lip and upper teeth (labiodental) – Between teeth (interdental) – Alveolar ridge (alveolar) – Hard palate (palatal) – Velum (velar) – Glottis (glottal) 61

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation 62

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop: air passage blocked 63

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop: air passage blocked [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] 64

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate: air blocked and released 65

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate: air blocked and released: [c ], [ ] 66

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative: air interfered with [f], [v], [s ] etc. 67

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative • Together these are called Obstruents 68

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative – Nasal 69

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative – Nasal: [m], [n], [ ] 70

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative – Nasal – Lateral Liquid 71

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative – Nasal – Lateral Liquid: [l] 72

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative – Nasal – Lateral Liquid – Retroflex Liquid 73

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative – Nasal – Lateral Liquid – Retroflex Liquid: [r] 74

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative – Nasal – Lateral Liquid – Retroflex Liquid – Glide 75

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Stop – Affricate – Fricative – Nasal – Lateral Liquid – Retroflex Liquid – Glide: [w ], [w], [y] 76

Some Factors in Consonant Formation • Manner of articulation – Glide: Where is my book? [w r z may bʊk] 77

Classification of Consonants 78

Classification of Consonants • • • The classification can be read off the chart. [p] is a voiceless bilabial stop [y] is a voiced palatal glide [ ] is a voiced velar nasal etc. 79

Diphthongs • Two part vowel 80

Diphthongs • Two part vowel • Combination of vowel and glide 81

Diphthongs • Two part vowel • Combination of vowel and glide • Single syllable 82

Diphthongs • Two part vowel • Combination of vowel and glide • Single syllable e. g. [ay] as in buy [bay] [ey] as in bay [bey] [aw] as in cow [kaw] etc. 83

What you need to know about the classification of sounds • The categories that are used for vowels and consonants • What description [categorization] goes with each symbol 84

Phonology The Organization of Sounds in a Language 85

Phonology • Languages differ regarding which sounds speakers consider to be “separate sounds” 86

Phonology • Languages differ regarding which sounds speakers consider to be “separate sounds” • English: sit [s t] versus seat [sit] 87

Phonology • Languages differ regarding which sounds speakers consider to be “separate sounds” • English: sit [s t] versus seat [sit] • Spanish: sí ‘yes’ [si] versus singular ‘singular’ [s ngular] 88

Separate Sounds • English and Spanish both have the phones [i] and [ ] 89

Separate Sounds • English and Spanish both have the phones [i] and [ ] BUT 90

Separate Sounds • English and Spanish both have the phones [i] and [ ] BUT • English speakers feel they are separate sounds • Spanish speakers feel they are the same sound 91

Why? ? ? 92

How are sounds organized differently in English and Spanish? 93

English • [i] and [ ] are separate phonemes 94

English • [i] and [ ] are separate phonemes • Different phonemes make different words. 95

Spanish • [i] and [ ] are allophones of the same phoneme 96

Spanish • [i] and [ ] are allophones of the same phoneme • [i] and [ ] are used in different places in a word 97

Spanish • [i] and [ ] are allophones of the same phoneme • [i] and [ ] are used in different places in a word – [i] when the syllable ends in a vowel – [I] when the syllable ends in a consonant 98

English 99

Spanish 100

Spanish versus English • One phoneme • Two allophones of that phoneme • Two separate phonemes • Each phoneme has one allophone 101

Phonemes and their Allophones 102

Phonemes and their Allophones • Different allophones of a phoneme usually occur in different places in the word 103

Phonemes and their Allophones • Different allophones of a phoneme usually occur in different places in the word • English voiceless stop phonemes (/p/, /t/ and /k/) have a special allophone at the beginning of the word 104

Phonemes and their Allophones • Different allophones of a phoneme usually occur in different places in the word • English voiceless stops (/p/, /t/ and /k/) have a special allophone at the beginning of the word – pop [phap] – tot [that] – cock [khak] 105

Aspiration • [ph], [th] and [kh] mean that the stop consonant is pronounced with a puff of air 106

Aspiration • [ph], [th] and [kh] mean that the stop consonant is pronounced with a puff of air • These are aspirated stops 107

Are English aspirated stops separate phonemes from unaspirated stops? • Is there a specific environment in which aspirated stops occur? 108

Are English aspirated stops separate phonemes from unaspirated stops? • Is there a specific environment in which aspirated stops occur? • Does the choice of aspirated or unaspirated stop change what word is being pronounced? 109

Are English aspirated stops separate phonemes from unaspirated stops? • Is there a specific environment in which aspirated stops occur? YES! 110

Are English aspirated stops separate phonemes from unaspirated stops? • Does the choice of aspirated or unaspirated stop change what word is being pronounced? NO! 111

Are English aspirated stops separate phonemes from unaspirated stops? • Is there a specific environment in which aspirated stops occur? YES! • Does the choice of aspirated or unaspirated stop change what word is being pronounced? NO! 112

Are English aspirated stops separate phonemes from unaspirated stops? • Thus, aspirated and unaspirated stops are not separate phonemes. 113

Are English aspirated stops separate phonemes from unaspirated stops? • Thus, aspirated and unaspirated stops are not separate phonemes. • They are both allophones of the same phoneme. 114

English Aspirated Stops • Complementary distribution • Don’t affect meaning Thus: allophones of the same phoneme. 115

Allophones of Same Phoneme • Complementary distribution • Don’t affect meaning 116

Separate Phonemes 117

Separate Phonemes • Contrastive distribution 118

Separate Phonemes • Contrastive distribution – occur in same position in word 119

Separate Phonemes • Contrastive distribution – occur in same position in word • Change meaning 120

English versus Korean 121

English versus Korean • Both have voiceless aspirated consonants as phones • Are Korean voiceless aspirated stops separate phonemes from voiceless unaspirated stops? 122

Korean • [phal] • [pal] ‘arm’ ‘foot’ 123

Korean • [tha] • [ta] ‘ride’ ‘all’ • [phi] • [pi] ‘blood’ ‘rain’ • [khi] • [ki] ‘height’ ‘energy’ 124

Korean • [phi] • [pi] ‘blood’ ‘rain’ • [khi] • [ki] ‘height’ ‘energy’ Are aspirated and unaspirated stops in complementary or contrastive distribution in Korean? 125

Korean Are aspirated and unaspirated stops in complementary or contrastive distribution in Korean? Contrastive distribution 126

Korean • Are unaspirated and aspirated voiceless stops separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme? They are separate phonemes. 127

Because Korean aspirated and unaspirated stops are in contrastive distribution they are separate phonemes 128

English Because English aspirated and unaspirated stop consonants are in complementary distribution they are allophones of the same phoneme 129

Free Variation 130

Free Variation • Sometimes sounds can be pronounced two ways – sip [s p] [s ph] 131

Free Variation • Sometimes sounds can be pronounced two ways – sip [s p] [s ph] • Meaning same • Free variation 132

Free Variation • Phones in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme • Phones in free variation are not separate phonemes 133

Phonological Rules 134

Phonological Rules • Phonological rules connect phonemes to their allophones: – Rule: The phoneme /p/ is pronounced as the phone [ph] when it occurs at the beginning of a word. – More formally: /p/ [ph]/# _____ 135

Phonological Rules /p/ [ph]/# _____ / # _____ = ‘is pronounced as’ = ‘when it is’ = ‘beginning or end of word’ = ‘the position of the phoneme in question’ 136

Phonological Rules /p/ [ph]/# _____ = ‘is pronounced as’ / = ‘when it is’ # = ‘beginning or end of word’ __ = ‘the position of the phoneme in question’ The phoneme /p/ is pronounced as [ph] when it is at the beginning of a word. 137

Distinctive Features 138

Distinctive Features Are phones the “atoms” of phonology? 139

Distinctive Features Can phones be broken down into smaller parts? 140

Phones are combinations of distinctive features 141

Phones are combinations of distinctive features • The distinctive features of the vowel [a] [+vocalic, -consonantal, +low, +back, +lax] 142

Phones are combinations of distinctive features • The distinctive features of the vowel [a] [+vocalic, -consonantal, +low, +back, +lax] • You can read the distinctive features off the chart of vowels: 143

Phones are combinations of distinctive features • The distinctive features of the vowel [a] – [+vocalic, -consonantal, +low, +back, +lax, unrounded] • You can read the distinctive features off the chart of vowels: 144

Phones are combinations of distinctive features • The consonant [w] as in where is composed of the following distinctive features: – [+consonantal, -vocalic, +glide, -voiced] • The distinctive features can be read off the consonant chart (More advanced courses may use different feature sets that cannot be read off the charts. ) 145

Phonological rules use distinctive features to capture generalizations 146

The English Aspiration Rule • p • t • k ph/# _____ th/#______ kh/#______ 147

The English Aspiration Rule • p • t • k ph/# _____ th/#______ kh/#______ Does this miss a generalization? YES!!! 148

The English Aspiration Rule • p • t • k ph/# _____ th/#______ kh/#______ [p], [t], [k] are all voiceless stops. 149

The English Aspiration Rule • p • t • k ph/# _____ th/#______ kh/#______ [p], [t], [k] are all voiceless stops. Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are in the beginning of the word. 150

The English Aspiration Rule • • p ph/# _____ t th/#______ k kh/#______ Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are in the beginning of the word. +Consonantal -Vocalic +Stop -Voiced [+aspirated] #______ 151

The English Aspiration Rule +Consonantal -Vocalic +Stop -Voiced [+aspirated] #______ Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are in the beginning of the word. By expressing the rule in terms of distinctive features we can capture the scientific generalization 152