PERIOD ONE 1491 1607 On a North American

PERIOD ONE 1491 – 1607 On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world

KC 1. 3 Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.

Altered Views � Expansion into New World + contact with NAs & Africans new views of nonwhite peoples � Social, political, economic relationships � Role of whites in relation to nonwhites

Euro. Claims in America � Needs of Nation-states? � � $$ & support of Church (justification to rule) Power of monarchy search for riches, spread Xnty

Spain � � Height of power for F&I, unified Xn Spain GLORY for CC! � Little � gold, little spices, no path to Asia Vs. Portugal: overlap in Americas disputes Pope ruling in 1493 (line of demarcation & T of T in ‘ 94)

� Domination of of Americas by Spain � Conquistadors supremacy � Gold, silver � Encomienda System High death W. African slaves � Florida � St. � Augustine (1565) New Mexico � Santa Fe (1610) � Pueblo revolt after attempt to Xnize, Spanish out in 1692 � Texas � 1700 s � growth as resistance to French in MS RV CA � San Diego, 1769 & San Francisco, 1776, missions established, 1784

� Treatment of natives � DISEASE � Forced � � labor Few families from Spain intermarriage class system De Las Casas, 1542 � Valladolid Debate = de Las Casas vs. Sepulveda

Spanish POV on NAs JUAN DE SEPULVEDA BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS

England � � John Cabot- 1497, Newfoundland No follow-up � Distractions- � break w/ RCC by KHVIII QE I challenged Spanish shipping, 1570 s-80 s � Drake � Raleigh (1587)

� Treatment of Natives � Settlements not near large NA empires � Families to New World � Initial coexistence, trade conflict, war NA = savages English seen as changing life of NA (increase in population loss of land, tribes scattered NAs expelled, not subjugated

France � 1530 s-40 s � Claims based on Jacques Cartier (St. Lawrence R. ) � No follow-up � European � wars, religious conflicts (RCC vs. Huguenots Treatment of Natives � NAs = economic/military allies Trade & aid in war (Huron + Fr. Vs. Iroquois) � Good relationship w/ tribes � Few colonists, towns, farms = less threat to NA � Desire control of fur trade trading posts St. Lawrence RV, Great Lakes, MS River

The Netherlands � � 1600 s- voyages out for exploration Henry Hudson up river (NY) to claim area for Dutch, 1609 formation of New Amsterdam Dutch West India Co.

Cultivation of Racism � � NAs = inferior, exploited for economic gain, converted to Xnty, military allies Little experience dealing with people who were different lack of understanding of NAs � So…

How should NAs have been treated? How civilized are these groups compared to Eur. Standards?

White Superiority � Why did it develop? � Justification � What of slavery else? Explain how conceptions of group identity emerged out of cultural interactions between colonizing groups, Africans, and American Indians in the colonial era.

Africans � Religion important in society � N. Africa, coast/ports- Islam � S of Sahara- isolated societies, � animism, polytheist W. Africa = Kingdoms based on trade, AG (sorghum, millet), copper, iron � Kings (divine), some monotheism Many polytheist, ancestor worship, celebration of virility/fertility � Empires: Ghana, � GOLD = power � Mali, Songhai Further SW- kingdoms based on trade, rich in resources, AG (yams), much fighting between “ministates”

� Trade based on gold, salt, copper, slaves , ivory � Difficult � for smaller states to trade ($$) Mid-1450 s coastal trade w/ Euros � Many states, languages, goods along coast � Grain, Ivory, Gold, Slave Coasts � Trading Posts on coast, islands � Disease inland � Experiments w/ crops, livestock on islands

Slave Trade Beginnings � Slavery widespread in Africa � Coerced labor common in societies around world � Africans- enslaved b/c of debt, sold by family for food, war captives � Sold as: AG laborers, concubines, military recruits � Euros more interested in commodities until realize value of human trafficking. � diaspora of African peoples

Slavery � � � Robin Blackburn: The “dark side of progress” Contradiction faced � Old World order of unfree labor dying � Those opposed settle in New World � development of unfree labor on massive scale � resolved issue by “racialization” of slavery

British Slavery � Slavery expanded � Profits from slavery increased industrialization ($$, capitalism) � Colonial development increased industrialization � AG (small farms large, capitalistic farms) Creates “landless workers” Can emigrate to New World labor force (3, 5, 7 yrs) � Difficult work, seen as property � Harsh conditions, low life expectancy � Value based on crop production during span of servitude

An Economic Cause � Problems? � Demand for exports increased demand for laborers increased � IS from GB voluntary, low numbers crossing = demand not met Stories from across Atlantic � shift to Africans = secure supply of labor

� Eric Williams (1943) � Slavery not racial, but economic (cheapness) � Racism a consequence/effect of slavery � Problem? � Fear of revolt � Heightened by idea of whites + blacks = joint action Ex: 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion Slaves + servants + freeman laws of racial segregation solidarity among whites idea of “privileged class” � Poor whites still have rights (GB citizens)

� � � Fear of labor resistance/rebellion white fear of black rebellion New identity develops based on racial structures slavery = black Africans GB difference from Sp/Fr/Dutch? � No blurring of racial lines (intermarriage)

NA Reaction � NA = distinct, independent �= � � � no unified response Euro goods (iron, copper, guns) interaction w/ NAs Violence, disease causes NA to find new way of life Experience of Euro. wars on continent tribal alliances w/ Euro. For support in survival � Some migrate west

Attempt at Autonomy � NAs & Africans try to maintain culture, core beliefs, political independence � Challenge by Euro.

� Euro. try to change NA beliefs, worldviews � Religion � Gender roles � Family � Role of natural environment � Ownership � NA resistance, conflict

Spanish Mission System � Florida- Apalachee � Matriarchal vs. primogeniture � H-G + AG (Three sisters) � Nature gods � Mission San Luis � Spanish conquest Rule by Country & Church � Missionaries taught Xnty, Euro. farming, loyalty to King � Collect wealth (food for people/soldiers)

African Adaptations � � Language, culture adapt to W. Hemisphere Some preservation, autonomy � Oral tradition � Group worship � Ex: Xnty + African religions � Some reject Xnty- religion of slaverholders � Others hold on to promises of freedom in New Testament, Moses from Old Testament � Music, Song � Food � Sweet potato (yams), rice, okra, sorghum, black-eyed peas, peanuts