PERIOD 1 1491 1607 Founding Settling the New

PERIOD 1: 1491 -1607 Founding & Settling the New World

Peopling North America hundreds of tribes, dozens of languages & cultures ◦ Estimated 54 million people in the Americas by Columbus ◦ Prominent American Civilizations ◦ THE PUEBLO CULTURE: CORN PLANTING, ENDED NOMADICISM ◦ Incas Peru ◦ Mayans Central America ◦ Aztecs Mexico and SW US Highly organized agricultural societies which featured trade, calendars, scientific findings, and various religions. ◦ NORTH AMERICAN SOCIETIES: VARIOUS COMBINATIONS AGRICULTURE AND HUNTING ◦ Cahokia Mound builders Mississippi ◦ Iroquois Confederacy New York Alliance of 5 tribes to end wars between groups, became one of the most powerful North American tribes ◦ Chinook – Pacific Northwest ◦ “Three Sister” Farmers: Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee Southeastern Atlantic combination of beans, corn & squash ◦ Women: tended crops, men hunted = power to women, come matrilineal cultures ◦ Natural Resources : nature had spiritual properties, sparse populations did not overburden, often utilized firs for land clearing

European Exploration & The Columbian Exchange reasons for exploration ◦ Renaissance Period Advances in Technology ◦ Gunpowder, sailing compass, sextant, astrolabe ◦ Decline in feudalism ◦ Religion (GOD) ◦ Expansion of Catholicism – mission system ◦ Protestant Reformation ◦ Crusades ◦ Competition (GLORY) ◦ Unification of Spain : Spanish Armada & Reconquista ◦ Treaty of Tordesilla & the Line of Demarcation ◦ Trade (GOLD) ◦ ◦ Search for new routes to Asia Portuguese infiltrated sub-Saharan Africa = slave trade Colonization Joint-stock companies

European Exploration & The Columbian Exchange impacts of exploration ◦ Columbian Exchange: the movement of people, diseases, plants, and animals among societies on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean ◦ In addition to the slave trade… ◦ New World gave precious metals, crops (corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, vanilla, sugar), syphilis ◦ Old World gave LOTS of diseases (smallpox, measles, bubonic plagues, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever), horses, cows, pigs, wheat, sugar, rice, coffee 90% of Native Populations are estimated to have died ◦ Encomienda System ◦ Social Hierarchy – Mestizos & Zambos ◦ Asiento system – transport of African slaves to the New World – a tax was paid to the Spanish king per slave imported How to treat Native Americans? Juan de Sepulveda Bartolome de Las Casas Juan de Onate

European Exploration & The Columbian Exchange impacts of exploration ◦ SPANISH COLONIES : THREE G’S ◦ ◦ ◦ 1565 –St. Augustine, Florida Juanillo’s Revolt – 1597 1610 – Santa Fe Pope’s Rebellion (Pueblo Revolt) – 1680 Texas Settlements 1769 – San Diego The Black Legend Negative long term impact on Spanish Economy ◦ FRENCH COLONIES : FUR TRADE ◦ ◦ 1608 – Quebec 1682 – Louisiana Religion : Jesuit missionaries, Huguenots, Edict of Nantes Fostered relations and somewhat accommodated Native Culture ◦ ENGLISH COLONIES – THREE G’S ◦ 1587 – Roanoke The Lost Colony ◦ 1607 – Jamestown Starvation Period : John Smith & Rolfe ◦ ◦ ◦ Funded by the Virginia Company ◦ “Indian Fighters” destroyed Powhatan tribe ◦ Bacon’s Rebellion 1620 – Plymouth Pequot War, King Phillip’s War Early trade with Natives, little social mixing as English saw Natives as “savages” Expulsion of Natives, rather than subjugation, very limited missionary work Introduction of indentured servants ◦ DUTCH COLONIES – FUR TRADE ◦ ◦ ◦ 1590 – Guyana/Caribbean 1609 – New Amsterdam 1626 – New York Dutch West Indies Co. , brought slaves to US Land grants to immigrants, fostered diverse population Surrendered land to England in 1667