Part Two England France Develop The Formation of

Part Two: England France Develop The Formation of Western Europe 800 -1500

England Absorbs Invaders • Many invaders landed from • 1042 – King Edward the Confessor took the throne different regions in Britain – Died in 1066 w/o an heir – The Angles – The Saxons • A struggle for the throne – Created Anglo-Saxon culture led to one last invasion – The Vikings • 1016 – Danish King Canute united Anglo-Saxons and Vikings into one people

The Norman Conquest • Invader = William the Conqueror – Duke of Normandy – Cousin of King Edward • William invaded England with a Norman army and claimed English crown • Rival = Harold Godwinson – Anglo-Saxon who claimed the throne • Fought against William in the Battle of Hastings – Normans were victorious – William claimed all England his person property. – Kept 1/5 for himself – Gave lands to 200 Norman lords – Unified control of the land – Laid foundation for centralized government

Goals of the English Kings • 1) Hold onto and add to their French lands • 2) Strengthen their power over nobles and the Church • English king Henry II acquired a French territory, Aquitaine in his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine – Added to lands in Normandy – Served as a vassal to the French King

Juries and Common Law • Henry II strengthened the royal courts by: • Common law: a unified body of law created by case rulings of – Sending royal judges to England’s royal judges every part of England at least one/year • The basis for law in U. S. • Collected taxes • Settled lawsuits • Punished crimes – Introduced use of a jury • Made up of loyal people • Answered judge’s questions about the case • Only allowed in king’s courts

The Magna Carta • ORDER OF MONARCHS: Henry II > Richard the Lionhearted > John Softsword – – Lost Normandy, lands in northern France Alienated the Church Threatened rights to self-govern Raised taxes to all-time high • Nobles revolted and forced John to agree to the Magna Carta (Great Charter) in 1212 – Guaranteed basic political rights • No taxation without representation • Right to a jury trial • Right to protection under the law • Basic legal rights in U. K. and U. S. today!

House of Parliament - England

Rise of the Capetian Dynasty

The Capetian Dynasty • Capet family only controlled a • Most powerful Capetian small area of France, but it was Philip II (1180 -1223) included Paris • His goal: weaken the power • Despite being weak rulers, of English kings in France Capets managed to expand their • Seized Normandy from King power outward from Paris John in 1204, tripled the lands under his control • Established a strong central government – Established officials called bailiffs who presided over the king’s courts and collected the king’s taxes

Phillip II’s Heirs • Louis IX – 1226 -1270 – Created a French appeals court (could overturn the decisions of local courts) • Strengthened the monarchy • Weakened feudal ties • Philip IV – 1285 -1314 – Fought w/ the pope about priests paying taxes to the king – Called a meeting to win support against the pope and invited commoners

Estates-General • Philip IV invited all to participate in a meeting known as the Estates. General – Helped to increase royal power against the nobility – Did not limit the king’s power • In England France these events were important steps towards increased central government power and democratic rule