England Monarchy in England Absolutism in England n

England

Monarchy in England

“Absolutism” in England n In 1215, the barons, who were wealthy Landowners, forced the King to sign an agreement that would guarantee them certain rights. This agreement was called the Magna Carta. This was the first written document that limited the power of the King.

The Magna Carta made the King: n Discuss new laws and taxes n Allow a person to have a jury trial The Magna Carta was an important step toward a more just government in England.

The First Parliament In 1295, the first Parliament met. A Parliament is a law-making body made up of nobles, clergy, knights, and townspeople. During this time in England, therefore, the King shared power with Parliament.

King Henry and the Tudor Dynasty During the early part of the Reformation, England remained Catholic. Then, King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church because he wanted a divorce. When the Pope refused to end Henry’s marriage, King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church and began the Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church.

King Henry VIII gained much wealth and power and made England even stronger. Eventually, Henry’s daughter, Mary (Bloody Mary) became Queen but died ( 5 years) Elizabeth becames Queen and rules for 45 years James I of Scotland takes the Throne but conflicted with Parliament

England under Elizabeth I Elizabeth ruled from 1558 -1603 and is considered to be one of England’s greatest monarchs. Some of her accomplishments were: n Building up England’s navy to protect England its shipping routes. n Increasing its trade with other countries making England a wealthy nation. n Speaking several languages and knowing how to deal with foreign rulers.

Absolutism in England n Charles I – inherited the throne in 1625. He created problems during his reign by: § Putting his enemies in prison without trials § Imposing high taxes § Angering the Puritans § Dissolves Parliament (refuses to consult with them) But he had another thing to deal with…….

The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16 th and 17 th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed. Puritanism played a significant role in English history, especially during The Protectorate. crawl

Absolutism in England n English Civil War – was an important turning point in the history on Constitutional government in England. n 1640 - Charles I was so badly in debt he reconvened Parliament: - Parliament demanded to convene every three years Charles I agreed but waited for right time to overturn them again - Puritan Government officials decided to abolish the appointment of Bishops in the Anglican church - Attempted to arrest the Puritan body in Parliament - Parliament decided to retake power away from the King but the king sought support from the people of England…. English Civil War had began q

English Civil War Supporters of King- Royalists • Supported Charles • Called “Cavaliers” or “Royalists” Supporters of Parliament- Roundheads - Puritans - Merchants - Gentry (people of good social position) - Led by General Oliver Cromwell • Cromwell seized control of London • Parliament voted to convict Charles I with treason and he was found guilty and sentenced to death • Publicly beheaded in 1649 The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's governance. Aug 22, 1642 – Sep 3, 1651

Civil War (1642 -1649) Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads) a House of Lords † House of Commons a N & W England † S & E England a Aristocracy † Puritans a Large landowners † Merchants a Church officials † Townspeople a More rural † More urban

Absolutism in England n Parliament’s House of Commons abolished the monarch. England became a republic, called the Commonwealth, with Oliver Cromwell as its leader. n In 1653, Cromwell took the title of Lord Protector, and ruled through the army for the next 11 years. n England became a “Commonwealth” government based upon the good of ALL people

Monarchs vs. Parliament Queen Elizabeth – she had problems with the parliament regarding money James I – he had problems with the parliament regarding religion Charles I – fired the Parliament – just got rid of it!

Monarchy Returns “Restoration” In 1660, Parliament invited Charles II, the son of Charles I, to become king of England. n Had to follow certain limitations outlined by Parliament n - Charles supported religious toleration for Catholics - Habeas Corpus Act passed “ n In 1685, his brother James II, inherited the throne. James quickly became unpopular because of his absolutist policies. Believed he could rule as an absolute monarch Before 1660, Cromwell decides he wants to be King instead of Protectorate and tries to rule as a dictator…. . he dies I gotta right to know why you got me locked up brother!”

The Glorious Revolution n Parliament overthrows James II. n 1688 - Parliament asks James’s daughter, Mary, and her husband William, to take the English throne. n Mary and William, both Protestants, arrived in England as James II fled to France, completing a bloodless transfer of power. This time period is called the Glorious Revolution – bring back the monarchs! Mary and William had to agree to an English Bill of Rights n Monarch could no longer overrule Parliaments laws. Constitutional Monarchy! n

English Bill of Rights [1689] a Main provisions: 1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws. 2. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. 3. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. 4. Freedom of speech in Parliament. 5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. 6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. 7. The monarch must be a Protestant. 8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. 9. Censorship of the press was dropped. 10. Religious toleration.

The Seesaw of King & Parliament: 1603 -1689

Absolute Rulers of Russia

Two Major Dynasties Rurik 1598 Time of Trouble 1598 -1613 Chaotic Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV Vasilyevich) Romanov 1613 -1917 Peter the Great Peter III Catherine the Great

Russia’s Absolute Ruler: Ivan IV o Ivan IV - “Ivan the Terrible” o Came to the throne when he was only 3 years old. o 1546 - At the age of 16 he crowned himself czar (Caesar) and took control n Ruled from 1547 -1584 Upon Ivan's death (stroke) , the Russian throne was left to his unfit middle son Feodor died childless in 1598, ushering in the Time of Troubles.

o “ o Two Stages of Ivan’s Life Good Stage” – 1547 -1560 p -Married Anastasia p -Expanded Russia’s lands p -Cleaned-up the Russian legal system WIFE (ANASTASIA) DIED / He thought she was poisoned. u “Bad Stage” – 1560 -1584 u. Ivan put together a “secret police” who went around hunting those suspected of being traitors (killed 1000 s) u 1581 u 1565 - Killed his own son (oldest) Seized land from Boyars and ordered the killing of thousands

Secret Police • Dressed in black & rode black horses. • Through the secret police, Ivan had thousands of people killed. – Boyars, their families & their peasants. • Seized the boyars’ estates & gave them to a new class of nobles.

Details about killing his son o In 1581 Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage. His son, also named Ivan, upon learning of this, engaged in a heated argument with his father, which resulted in Ivan striking his son in the head with his pointed staff, causing his son's (accidental) death.

Peter the Great I want to be like the west!

Serfdom • When Peter came to power, Russia was still a land of boyars and serfs. • Serfdom lasted in Russia until mid 1800 s, much longer than western Europe. • Russia wanted serfs to stay on land & produce large harvests. • They treated serfs like property. – They could be presents or payment for debts. • Sold serfs with land.

Geographic Barriers & Religious Differences • Russia only had one seaport. – Covered with ice most of the year. • Russians had adopted the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity. • Westerners were mostly Catholics & Protestants. – Russians viewed them as heretics & avoided them.

Czar Peter I o Known as Peter the Great o 6’ 8” tall o Took over in 1696 o Strengthened the power of the czar (that is added to his ABSOLUTE POWER) o When Peter took over Russia was very backwards, in that they still based their society on Vassals, serfs, etc. , Peter was determined to change this.

Westernizing Russia • 1697 - In order to westernize Russia, Peter made a grand tour of Western Europe – Introduced potatoes – Started & edited the first Russian newspaper – Raised women’s status – Ordered nobles to wear Western fashions – Opened a school of navigation & a school for the arts & sciences • Believed education was the key to Russia’s progress.

Establishing St. Petersburg • Peter fought Sweden to gain a port on the Baltic coast. • Wanted this seaport to help advance education. • After 21 years, Russia won the “window on Europe”. • Named city St. Petersburg.

Russia • Peter the Great had tried to westernize and reform the culture & government of Russia. • To a great extent, he succeeded. • By 1725, Russia was a power to be reckoned with in Europe.

Catherine the Great Russia is bigger AND we don’t have to worry about those darn Turks anymore! Catherine the Great enlarged the Russian Empire and began making Russia into an international power.

Catherine the Great Ø A German Princess named Sophia that moved to Russia to marry Peter the Great’s Grandson- Peter III Ø 1761 - Peter III became the Czar of Russia Ø Peter III not an effective leader so Sophia (who changed named to Catherine) hatched a plan to have him imprisoned Catherine declares herself Czarina (female for Czar)

Catherine the Great Absolute Monarch • Did not accept any challenges to her authority. • Placed administration of land in the hands of nobles which allowed them to increase their strangle-hold on the serfs • Reorganized government, so she knew what was happening throughout Russia. • State-sponsored education for boys and girls.

Catherine the Great Military Leader • Expanded Russia’s borders with wars against Ottomans and the Partition of Poland. Russia won the war and divided Poland between Austria and Russia

Catherine the Great • She never married again. • She kept many lovers. – But expected the men to be loyal to her for life. – Some say 11 lovers, others say 300 lovers in her life. • Died before she could make her choice law in 1796. • Ruled Russia for 34 years • Not bad for a non-Russian woman

Monarchy and Conflict in Central Europe

• Pink - Protestant Majority (Others are Catholic) • Yellow – Hapsburg Family (Spain) • Orange – Hapsburg Family (Austria) • Nobles from German and Austria rebelled against Holy Roman Emperor- Ferdinand II • France, Denmark, Sweden join on side of German and Austria • Spain Monarchs join on side of Emperor • • War lasted from 1618 -1648 Killed millions • • Treaty of Westphalia ended war Reduced power of Emperor and increased power of rulers in states

Austria and Prussia

Battle for Control • Hapsburg Family- Ruled Austria and Holy Roman Empire for centuries • Hohenzollern Family- Ruled Prussian and were a rival family • When Hapsburg Emperor died without male heir, he passed own throne to daughter- Maria Theresa • The Hohenzollerns had other plans

Frederick the Great • King of Prussia- Frederick the Great seized a portion of Austrian land • - Frederick was Prussia’s most powerful leader • Frederick offered an alliance with Maria Theresa to help her husband become next Emperor • When she refused, it launched the War of Austrian Succession- 1740 and 1748

Dec 16, 1740 – Oct 18, 1748 War of Austrian Succession

Frederick the Great Prussia Germany it’s all the same! Prussia

Review Thirty year War was fought from 1618 to 1648 and pitted monarch against monarch and protestant against catholic Hapsburg Family- Ruled Austria and Holy Roman Empire for centuries Hohenzollern Family- Ruled Prussian and were a rival family Prussia King- Frederick the Great seized a portion of Austrian land which launched the War of Austrian Succession- 1740 and 1748 (Maria Teresa. Austria) Prussia would dominate northern Europe with a powerful military while Austria will generate the longest lasting monarchy

Austria and Prussia rivalry continued for years to come 1756 - Seven year war occurred in Europe and in colonies siding the two empires against each other with other European allies The Hohenzollerns and Hapsburgs would struggle for control for many more years……. . ………. But that is another story!!!!!