14 3 England France Develop England Invasions Invaders

14. 3 – England & France Develop

England: Invasions • Invaders from the North – Danes & Vikings • Alfred the Great is successful in defeating invasions • 1016: Conquered by the Danes – Unites Angles, Saxons, & Vikings in England • 1/1066: King Edward dies = struggle for the throne

Norman Conquest – 1066 • William (Norman) & Harold (Anglo-Saxon) fight over the throne – Normans spoke French, descendants of Vikings • 10/14/1066 – Battle of Hastings – William defeats Harold (killed), earns “The Conqueror” • William unifies control of England & creates a centralized government

• Goals of English Kings – 1) Add to French lands – 2) Strengthen power over nobles & the Church • Henry II expands French lands by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine – Vassal to the French King • Henry II uses judges to enforce laws; introduces juries • Court rulings develop common law – unified body of law – Basis for many today (U. S. ) Expansion

John & The Magna Carta • 1199: Richard I dies, brother John takes over • Horrible King – Loses Normandy to Philip II – Alienates the Church & raises taxes • Nobles revolt; force him to sign the Magna Carta • Guarantees basic political rights – No taxation w/o representation – Trial by jury – Protection of the law

• Edward I needs to raises taxes to support wars • 1295: Assembles 2 burgesses & knights from every borough & county = Parliament • Kings call parliament over issues of new taxes – Provides check on royal power • Evolves into the House of Commons & House of Lords Parliament

France: Capetian Dynasty • 1000: France divided into 47 territories • 987: Hugh Capet controls Paris & controls trade • Philip II increases French territory – Reclaims Normandy – Triples French land • Uses bailiffs to collect taxes & preside over courts

• Louis IX – strengthens French government – Creates an appeals court • Philip IV – establishes the Estates-General – Develops b/c of dispute between Pope’s control of affairs in France • Efforts strengthen the monarchy & weaken feudal ties Heirs

Estates-General • Representative Body: – 1 st Estate: the Church – 2 nd Estate: the Lords – 3 rd Estate: Commoners • Increases royal power over nobility; not an independent force • Beginnings of democratic traditions w/ Parliament • Common man gaining decision-making ability