Mechanics Topic 2 2 Forces and Dynamics Forces

Mechanics Topic 2. 2 Forces and Dynamics

Forces and Free-body Diagrams To a physicist a force is recognised by the effect or effects that it produces A force is something that can cause an object to n n Deform (i. e. change its shape) Speed up Slow Down Change direction

The last three of these can be summarised by stating that a force produces a change in velocity Or an acceleration

Free-body Diagrams A free-body diagram is a diagram in which the forces acting on the body are represented by lines with arrows. The length of the lines represent the relative magnitude of the forces. The lines point in the direction of the force. The forces act from the centre of mass of the body The arrows should come from the centre of mass of the body

Example 1 Normal/Contact Force A block resting on a worktop Weight/Force due to Gravity

Example 2 A car moving with a constant velocity Normal/Contact Force Resistance Motor Force Weight/Force due to Gravity

Example 3 A plane accelerating horizontally Upthrust/Lift Air Resistance Motor Force Weight/Force due to Gravity

Resolving Forces Q. A force of 50 N is applied to a block on a worktop at an angle of 30 o to the horizontal. What are the vertical and horizontal components of this force?

Answer First we need to draw a free-body diagram 50 N 30 o

We can then resolve the force into the 2 components Vertical = 50 sin 30 o 50 N 30 o Horizontal = 50 cos 30 o

Therefore n n Vertical = 50 sin 30 o = 25 N Horizontal = 50 cos 30 o = 43. 3 = 43 N

Determining the Resultant Force Two forces act on a body P as shown in the diagram Find the resultant force on the body. 50 N 30 o

Solution Resolve the forces into the vertical and horizontal componenets (where applicable) 50 sin 30 o 30 N 50 N 30 o 50 cos 30 o

Add horizontal components and add vertical components. 50 sin 30 o = 25 N 50 cos 30 o – 30 N = 13. 3 N

Now combine these 2 components 25 N R 13. 3 N R 2 = 252 + 13. 32 R = 28. 3 = 28 N

Finally to Find the Angle R 25 N 13. 3 N tan = 25/13. 3 = 61. 987 = 62 o The answer is therefore 28 N at 62 o upwards from the horizontal to the right

Springs The extension of a spring which obeys Hooke´s law is directly proportional to the extending tension A mass m attached to the end of a spring exerts a downward tension mg on it and if it is stretched by an amount x, then if k is the tension required to produce unit extension (called the spring constant and measured in Nm-1) the stretching tension is also kx and so mg = kx

Spring Diagram x

Newton´s Laws The First Law Every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force

Examples Any stationary object! Difficult to find examples of moving objects here on the earth due to friction Possible example could be a puck on ice where it is a near frictionless surface

Equilibrium If a body is acted upon by a number of coplanar forces and is in equilibrium ( i. e. there is rest (static equilibrium) or unaccelerated motion (dynamic equilibrium)) then the following condition must apply The components of the forces in both of any two directions (usually taken at right angles) must balance.

Newton´s Laws The Second Law There are 2 versions of this law

Newton´s Second Law 1 st version The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force and occurs in the direction of the force. F = mv – mu t F = t

Newton´s Second Law 2 nd version The acceleration of a body is proportional to the resultant force and occurs in the direction of the force. F = ma

Linear Momentum The momentum p of a body of constant mass m moving with velocity v is, by definition mv Momentum of a body is defined as the mass of the body multiplied by its velocity Momentum = mass x velocity p = mv It is a vector quantity Its units are kg m s-1 or Ns It is the property of a moving body.

Impulse From Newtons second law F = mv – mu F = t t Ft = mv – mu This quantity Ft is called the impulse of the force on the body and it is equal to the change in momentum of a body. It is a vector quantity Its units are kg m s-1 or Ns

Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum The law can be stated thus When bodies in a system interact the total momentum remains constant provided no external force acts on the system.

Deriving This Law To derive this law we apply Newton´s 2 nd law to each body and Newton´s 3 rd law to the system i. e. Imagine 2 bodies A and B interacting If A has a mass of m. A and B has a mass m. B If A has a velocity change of u. A to v. A and B has a velocity change of u. B to v. B during the time of the interaction t

Then the force on A given by Newton 2 is F A = m A v. A – m A u A t And the force on B is F B = m B v. B – m B u B t But Newton 3 says that these 2 forces are equal and opposite in direction

Therefore m A v. A – m A u A = t -(m. Bv. B – m. Bu. B) t Therefore m A v. A – m A u A = m B u B – m B v. B Rearranging m A v. A + m B v. B = m A u A + m B u B Total Momentum after = Total Momentum before

Newton´s Laws The Third Law When two bodies A and B interact, the force that A exerts on B is equal and opposite to the force that B exerts on A.

Example of Newton´s 3 rd Q. According to Newton’s third Law what is the opposite force to your weight? A. As your weight is the pull of the Earth on you, then the opposite is the pull of you on the Earth!

Newton´s 3 rd Law The law is stating that forces never occur singularly but always in pairs as a result of the interaction between two bodies. For example, when you step forward from rest, your foot pushes backwards on the Earth and the Earth exerts an equal and opposite force forward on you. Two bodies and two forces are involved.

Important The equal and opposite forces do not act on the same body!