Mapping through History of Mankind Few Glimpses Week

Mapping through History of Mankind Few Glimpses Week 2 February 24, 2016 Department of RS and GISc Institute of Space Technology, Karachi

Spatial Information is all about Where is What? Map were conventionally used to answer this question!

› The first route map showing the whole of the Roman world (366– 335 B. C. )

PRE-GIS ERA • The tools used were pens, rulers, planimeters, dot grids, and paper sheets • Historical use of map was for navigation to know the location of physical features

▫ First printed Atlas of the world by legendary Roman geographer Claudius Ptolemy (150 A. D. ) ▫ Map projections of a spherical earth and use of latitude and longitude to characterize position Claudius Ptolemy (Alexandria, Egypt) (north arrow notation)

› Contour maps showing curves of equal value: an isogonic map, lines of equal magnetic declination for the world, (Edmond Halley, England) (1701) › Geological map (distribution of soils, minerals)- Johann Friedrich von Charpentier, Germany (1778) › Maps of the Battle of Yorktown (American Revolution) drawn by the French Cartographer Louis-Alexandre Berthier contained hinged overlays to show troop movements (1781)

▫ Statistical map of production in Europe, possibly the first economic and thematic map (shows geographic distribution of 56 commodities produced in Europe)- August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome , Germany (1782) ▫ First topographical map- Marcellin du Carla. Boniface , France (1782)

▫ First maps of the incidence of disease (yellow fever), using dots and circles to show individual occurrences in waterfront areas of New York by Valentine Seaman (1798)

› The first large-scale geological map of England Wales (William Smith, England) (1801) › First graph of isotherms, showing mean temperature around the world by latitude and longitude (Alexander von Humboldt Germany) (1817)

› Map with shadings from black to white (distribution and intensity of illiteracy in France), the first choropleth map, and perhaps the first modern statistical map (Pierre Charles Dupin, France). (1819) A choropleth map is a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map

Choropleth Map • Map which shows regions or areas which have the same characteristics • 0, 1, 2 = light shade • 3, 4, 5 = Medium shade • 6, 7, 8 = Dark shade

▫ First simple dot map of population, 1 dot = 10, 000 people— Armand Joseph Fr`ere de Montizon – France (1830)

First published flow maps (Henry Drury Harness, Ireland) (1837) • showing transportation by means of shaded lines • widths proportional to amount (passengers)

▫ Dr. John Snow mapped cholera deaths in London and used geographical analysis to trace the outbreak to a contaminated well (dot map to display epidemiological data)- 1854 (or 1855)

▫ Pictogram, used to represent data by icons proportional to a number- Michael George Mulhall , England (1884)

Pictogram

▫ Street maps of London, showing poverty and wealth by color coding - Charles Booth (1889) BLACK: Lowest class. Vicious, semi-criminal. DARK BLUE: Very poor, casual. Chronic want. LIGHT BLUE: Poor. 18 shillings. to 21 s. a week for a moderate family PURPLE: Mixed. Some comfortable others poor PINK: Fairly comfortable. Good ordinary earnings. RED: Middle class. Well-to-do. YELLOW: Upper-middle and Upper classes. Wealthy

GIS BIRTH – Late 1960 s - start of quantitative decision making and widespread use of mathematical modeling Analysis of mapped data is a new perspective Map utilization from physical description of geographic space to new geospatial concepts and tools › interpreting mapped data › combining map layers › spatially characterizing and communicating complex spatial relationships

• Computational power of computers provided the ▫ means for efficient handling of voluminous data and ▫ effective spatial analysis capabilities • Emergence of GIS = maps from images to ‘Mapped Data’

Beginning Years – 1970 s • Beginning of Digital Mapping ▫ Map editing becomes easy in computer mapping ▫ Updates of resource maps can be done very quickly

Adolescent Years– 1980 s • Development of Spatial Database Management Systems ▫ Mapping capabilities of computer linked with traditional database management capabilities • It became possible to: ▫ Retrieve information about map location ▫ Retrieve/select location given specific set of conditions

• Improvement in digitizing equipment - manual digitizing tablets to automated scanners • Insurance of compatibility among systems addressed for digital maps by several sectors • Initiative on data standardization, decreased redundancy, and data sharing • Map encoding and database design emerged as an industry

Maturing Years– 1990 s • Map analysis and Modeling- from descriptive query to prescriptive analysis of maps • Modern GIS packages combine traditional mathematical capabilities with an extensive set of advanced map processing operations

GIS Today and Future • Primary use of GIS is same (manage, and analyze data, and communicate information) • Implementation technology evolving • Broader application areas • Broad adoption of GIS – at everyone's desk, PDA, cell phone, etc.

• Next generation satellites • High resolution satellite RS, high storage capacity, super high capacity network, real time data availability and display (continuous sensor derived data at web portal), future predictive modeling display • New application areas: GIS as methodology for the analysis on spheres* ▫ Other planets ▫ Human brain * Ron Briggs UT Dallas, 2007

• From 2 -D map display to 3 -D visualization to 4 D incorporation of time to 5, 6, 7 -D incorporation of touch, sound and smell

Reference • http: //www. gisdevelopment. net/history/index. htm • http: //www. innovativegis. com/basis/Map. Analysis/Topi c 27/Topic 27. htm#Early • http: //mama. indstate. edu/users/gejdg/447 wk 2. pdf • Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization by Michael Friendly August 24, 2009: http: //www. math. yorku. ca/SCS/Gallery/milestone/mile stone. pdf • Most of the slides are taken from Prof. Maria Antonia Brovelli’s lecture notes.