Group 4 What role can technology play in

Group 4 What role can technology play in changing cooperation? Adhil Bernhard Chara Susanne Tycho

Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction Release phase Revolt / Reorganisation Exploitation Conservation Recap Sticky notes assignment Discussion

Introduction • Groupmembers • Introduction of subject • • Explanation of definitions • • • What role can technology play in changing cooperation? Cooperation Technology Adaptive Cycle • Movement in the cycle

Definitions Cooperation Co-operation is the process in which people or organizations work together to achieve a result that will benefit all of them (collaborate). Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function.

Adaptive Cycle • The Adaptive Cycle can be described as four phases of change that are characteristics of many systems. • The Adaptive Cycle can be interpreted as a sequential process which the organization goes through.

Movement in Cycle • Equilibrium phase – Goals pursuad & realized – Customers are satisfied – No reason for making new strategy • Crisis phase – Disturbance of external influences – Uncertainty / fear – Innovation is scary • New combinations – Look to the future with confidence – Searching for new alternatives • Entrepreneurship – Final choice is implemented – Innovation rocks

2. Release phase Equilibrium Chaos • Potential – Low • Connectedness – High but declining • People behavior – Looking for alternatives and change of behavior • Process support – Align the enabling technology with the membership needs and supporting processes • Resilience – Low but increasing “Period of decline and destruction”

What can cause a crisis? • Weather or natural effects – e. g. Hurricane Katrina (Bahamas, August 23, 2005) – Hard Rock Hotel and Casino • Workflow • Changes in policies / placement • Country's Economy http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 in. Y 3 k 8 y 4 d 0

Types of crisis To appreciate the depth of preparations needed, executives should examine their crisis capabilities in: • • • Technical systems Human factor systems Infrastructural systems Cultural systems Emotional / Belief systems

Phases of Crisis Management • Signal Detection - Internal (Information Channels) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=NNKm. Sba. TKS 0 - External (Inno. Centive, Web crawlers) • Preparation / Prevention – "If it ain't broke, don't fix it“ – creation of crisis teams as well as crisis training and simulation exercises. • Containment / Damage Limitation – – • Evacuation plans, neutralise product spills Recovery – Short-term & long-term business recovery, data back-up • Learning

Phases of Crisis Management (2) How can this phase be facilitated? A crisis in the negative sense BUT also an opportunity for innovation. . . Technology: - facilitate internal and external cooperation 1. Video conferencing 2. Social Media 3. Wiki, blogs, etc. 4. Cloud Computing 5. Software for blind people (Jaws, etc. ) •

Social Network Analysis • Organization could be seen as a network of actors • You could analyze the current state of the network. E. g. by inquiring who people collaborate with, conducting personality tests like spiral dynamics • This could be supported by electronic questionnaires or social network analysis software. (if social network software is used in the organization)

Social Network Analysis • When you have a good view of the current situation of the network then you could try to change the pattern of the network • E. g. with the aim to improve knowledge transfer to create a more exploration focused network and increase innovation

• – • • • 3. Reorganisation: Technology that facilitates this phase Social Network analysers Data mining Data warehousing Analysis Who are the customers? Customer Profiling Predictive modelling Business Plan Analysis DSS_decision support system Financial viabilities Strategy forming

3. Revolt: trigger Fast and small Cascading effect

Critical changes • Institutions • Economy • Developing nations • Societies • Knowledge systems

The Arab Spring Social Media Revolt Revolution

Back in time 15 years back in communication technologies

Technology Co-operation Enabling environment Generating acceptance & understanding Business 2 Business Infrastructure Competitiveness Germany to South Africa: Daimler. Chrysler Knowledge Skills

Chapter 11 • • • Kodak Bankruptcy Crisis – technological Reorganisation of business model Focus on profitability

How could technology facilitate experimentation? Link with Cynefin framework (Snowden, 2007)

Experimentation A couple of ways in which technology could support this experimentation process • Virtually testing the effects of the experiment/pilots/probes by simulation • Testing of new products, services, systems etc. before actually building them could be facilitated by simulation or expert systems. • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. YWXZpr. JC-E

Experimentation • Supporting the process of (rapidly) creating new products, services, business processes, systems etc. (could also be creating new technology itself) (Roberts et al, 2010; Ciborra 1996) • Technology facilitating experimentation in building new information systems – In general software engineering, numerous common prototyping tools and methodologies have been developed (Freiberg et al, 2012) – Software toolkit to quickly construct a (part) of a system in order to quickly discover flaws, sense the response, have something to help with communication with different stakeholders etc. – Emphasis on evaluation

Experimentation • Technology facilitating experimentation/probing in building new business processes, products, services etc – Flexible IT environment – Responsive IT-support is a vital component of this effort. Assembling an IT team to work hand in hand with the managers on the pilots etc. • Facilitating and increasing Internal and external reflexivity by technology. (Roberts et al, 2010) – Focus on measuring the outcomes of the probes/pilots/experiments and incorporate the lessons into the organization. – This means integrating feedback from both internal and external stakeholders ( e. g. a set of users or customers).

Experimentation • Examples are: • Google Online Services • Or applied to a more traditional setting: A fast-food company uses IT systems and analytics at test sites to gauge the impact of new menu choices on revenue, operations, customer experience. • Incorporating mentioned technological support to experimentation would require the right set of technical capabilities and a flexible IT environment.

4. Exploitation • • • From New Combinations to Entrepreneurship and new Business establishments Choose best option from new combinations (prototypes) Certain of what is wanted, uncertain if viable Capitalism • look for new opportunities or gaps in the market leads to Entrepreneurship address a need, make profit and flourish • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=q. Tg. JNWs-g. WA •

Exploitation • • Choice made - intuition & emotions New combinations of workforce (databases) • • Psychometric tests (Spiral dynamics) New business units - business plans • Re-deploy, new appointments, retrenchments • Resistance vs new opportunities/growth

Exploitation • Market penetration • Establishing niche in market (Social • • • Media) Streamlining operation Standardisation Automation

Exploitation • • Marketing tools Advertising technologies (web, print, social media, billboards. . . ) Funding - Investors, Angel funding Financial software - Banking, e-Commerce Establishing policies Developing company website Define communication policies (email, website, twitter, Google+, Telepresence, . . . ) • • Intranet / Internet Convergence

Exploitation – Positive side • Globalisation and internet connectivity o Entrepreneurship o http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=T 6 Mh. Aw. Q 64 c 0 o UK Technology http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r-ma. NCr 406 U • Cooperation between branches and countries o o Telepresence - save time, travel and accommodation Promotes 'Green society'

Exploitation – Negative side • Cheap labour – sweatshops • Nike • Walmart Ø Need for automation using technology • Viruses (attack competition - opposite of cooperation) • Hacking Ø Need for monitoring tools and security Ø Cooperation between countries

Conservation Towards a new business as ususal • Incremental transition to a new equilibrium • From opportunistic adaption to specialization • Building up size, knowledge, power and capital, start making profits, towards a new stable environment

Conservation • What has to be changed is clear, now it has to be implemented. • So you need to: – Keep employees informed and involved in order to decrease uncertainty and resistance • Communication should focus on: • Decreasing uncertainty and job insecurity • Creating commitment for change • Decrease resistance

What about technology in this phase • Communication should be Two-Way Involved employees should have the feeling that information is shared with them (not forced on them) and that they can consult and actively participate in the communication process. (Waddel and Sohal, 1998) • Technology could support this communication process • Types of technology that would be suitable in this process: newsletter by email, bulletinboard, dashboard, intranet, chat, videoconferencing

Role of technology • Some other ideas on the role of technology in this phase – Share and spread internal routines and basic capabilities – Facilitating training and reflection on the standardized routines and capabilities (e. g. Team. Room). – But you would also need to think about: Company confidentiality, Protecting intellectual property • When a new BAU has been established technology is often focused on: • • Driving efficiency Optimize delivery Lower costs Optimization and efficiency

Social Media & Crisis Management • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a. MU Pa. DBXqlk

Recap • • “What role can technology play in changing cooperation? ” Different phases of the cycle incorporate a different way of collaboration Different role of technology in each phase Traditional focus of technology and information management has been on supporting the equilibrium Emerging technologies have shifted attention more towards the right side of the model

Recap Role of technology in supporting the organization in dealing with crisis • To incorporate/operationalize the discussed roles of technology (e. g. supporting search process, innovation, experimentation) you would need a different kind of approach to the use and management of technology. • “Character of the information provision should be more that of a toolbox available to the business professional. According to the circumstance he/she can choose which IT tools to use”. (Abcouwer and Parson) • Provision of some kind of basis infrastructure that supports this more ad hoc use of technology use

Sticky notes assignment • Think of some sort of technology and put in on a ‘post -it’ (include your name) • Think of why it is in this quadrant! • 15 minutes • Put the ‘post-it’ on the board in the correct quadrant

Coffee Break

W A N T Certain C A N Uncertain Complicated Entrepreneurship/Business Chaos Crisis U n c e r t a i n IV SAP/ERP consumers, employees, etc (electronic agreements, copyright, access, certifications, . . . ) II Wiki, blog, Google docs, Facebook Search engines Knowledge Management Internet Social Media Structures Web crawlers, spiders Video conferencing C e r t a i n I Internet Email SAP ERP DMS_ document III Social Network analysers Data mining Data warehousing DSS_decision support system

Questions? Should a company diversify operations creating a variety of smaller business units (and cooperate), or focus solely on core business? Should a company expand operations by creating franchises (and cooperate) or stay singular? Should social media be left open or be curtailed/restrained during the Entrepreneurship phase? (Quadrant 4) Can you function (survive ) nowadays without any kind of technology? (e. g. email, internet, what’s app, facebook etc…). If so, how? How easy is it for people to come up with ideas in order to overcome the crisis when they are already under the shock of a crisis? Can a crisis be both negative and positive?

The End A nice way of using Social Media and collaborating with friends and colleques etc. • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=gnv 6 K 5 Jmp. TM