Phylum Porifera sponges By Nora Phillips General Info

Phylum Porifera (sponges) By Nora Phillips

General Info • Most primitive multi-cellular organismshave cellular-level organizationcells are not organized into tissues, instead, each do their job independently Taxonomy • • • Kingdom-Animalia Phylum-Porifera Three Classes-Calcarea, Hexatinellida, Demospongiae

Anatomy • Poriferians are either totally asymmetrical or radically symmetrical • Can be from a few mm to over a meter in diameter • Have a skeleton made from spicules-calcium carbonate or silica spikes or from spongin-flexible protein fibers • All adult sponges are sessile meaning they cannot move • Two types of openings in poriferians- ostia (pl. of ostium)-take water/food in, and waste goes out through the oscilium • Inner part of sponge called spongoceol

Anatomy (cntd) Four main types of cells • Amoeboid Cellsmobile cells that take food (detritus partials, plankton, bacteria) from choanocytes and digest it then take the nutrients to other parts of the sponge

Anatomy (cntd) Four main types of cells • Chanocytes-collar cells- have flagella (undulipodium)-use to make currents that bring food particles into sponge through pores, use collar to catch food

Anatomy (cntd) Four main types of cells • Porocytes-pore cells-line the insides of ostia-the pores that take water in • Pinacocytesboundary cells-flat, polygonal cells that line the outside of the sponge, absorb oxygen

Types of Poriferans • Asconoid-shaped like tube penitrates with pores, single osculum, collar cells in spongeoceol • Syconoids-larger than asconoids, tubeshaped with single osculum, but with thicker body walls, collar cells line inside of pores • Leucenoids-largest/most complex, masses of cells with canals that lead to numerous smaller chambers lined with collar cells water moves out through a central canal to the osculum

Class Calcarea • Skeletons made of calcium-carbbonate spicules that are either one-rayed, two rayed, three-rayed or four-rayed and of similar sizes • Can have asconoid, synconoid or leuconoid construction • Mostly dull-colored, but can be red, yellow or lavender • In general, smaller than other classes-usually les that 10 cm • Found in shallower water

Class Hexatinellida • Skeleton made of six-rayed spicules, usually fused together to form a net-like skeleton • All have syconoid construction • Found in deeper ocean, 450 -5000 meters • Best fossile record, old sponge fossil known was member of Hexatinellida

Class Demospongiae • Largest and most advanced class • Skeletons made from one to four-rayed, made siliceous spicules, spongin, or both • Spicules either megascleres (large) or microscleres (small) and are unfused • Have leucenoid construction • Can grow to be over a cubic meter

Reproduction • Reproduce asexually by budding • Also reproduce sexually-one sponge releases sperm-goes into spongoceol through ostia, captured by choanocytes, which then lose collars and carry to eggs • Sponges are hermaphodites-can play both male and female reproductive roles

Bibliography • • • www. huronscuba. com/travel/ dominica_photos. htm www. barbcollins. com/ crinoidssponges. html http: //www. mccoyslodge. com. ky/ mainpage. htm http: //data 2. itc. nps. gov/nature/ph otos/BISC_Barrel%20 Sponges. j pg www. ncrcn. org/me/projects/tidep ool/ Sponges/Sponges. html http: //www. palaeos. com/invertab rates/porifera. htm • • • www. pbs. org/kcet/shapeoflife/ animals/porifera 5. html www. usp. br/cbm/pesquisa/ linhas. html www. url. it/pagine/animali/ spugne. htm www. datacomm. ch/renebu/los_r oques/ los_roques. html http: //www. spacesciencegroup. nsula. edu/sotw/newlessons/def aultie. asp? Theme=animals&Pa ge. Name=sponges http: //www. encyclopedia. com/pri ntable. aps? url=/ssi/section/Porif ora_Anatomy. html