Forging a New Deal Chapter 16 Section 1

Forging a New Deal Chapter 16 Section 1

Setting the Scene Election held in November, Roosevelt didn’t take office until March 4 th. Why did it take so long? Hoover remained in office as a “lame duck” 20 th Amendment passed Changed the date of the inauguration to January 20 th.

Restoring the Nation’s Hope FDR and Eleanor’s efforts What happened during the second Bonus March? FDR said “the only thing…” FDR held “fireside chats” New Deal referred to the relief, recovery, and reform programs FDR’s administration used to end the Great Depression

The First Hundred Days March – June 1933 Programs were pushed through Congress.

Stabilizing the Financial Institutions First step was to restore public confidence in the banks March 5, 1933 ordered banks closed for 4 days Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act on March 9 th ▪ Inspection of banks. ▪ People began putting money back into the banks Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 passed ▪ Established FDIC to insure bank deposits

Stabilizing the Financial Institutions Cont. d’ Federal Securities Act (FSA), May 1933 Required companies to provide information about their finances if they offered stock for sale. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulate the stock market Federal Reserve Board (FRB) Regulate the purchase of stock on margin Decreased the value of U. S. currency by taking off the gold standard

Providing Relief and Creating Jobs Next step to help local relief agencies Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) Sent funds to agencies Harry Hopkins was the director FERA put federal money into public works programs ▪ Civil Works Administration (CWA) ▪ Unemployed to work building or improving roads, parks, airports, and other facilities ▪ Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) ▪ Unmarried men worked on maintaining forests, beaches, and parks ▪ Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) ▪ Ended the sale of Tribal lands and restored some lands to Indian owners.

Regulating the Economy National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Set to raise industrial prices ▪ Under the NIRA the National Recovery Administration (NRA) ▪ Balance the unstable economy though extensive planning by using industry-wide codes for fair business practices. Discuss examples of this code. Some thought they were too rigid ▪ Public Works Administration (PWA) ▪ Most visible part of the NIRA’s efforts Discuss examples

Assisting Homeowners and Farmers Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Refinanced mortgages National Housing Act established the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Improved housing standards and conditions, insures mortgages, stabilizes the mortgage market Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA Tried to raise farm prices through subsides ▪ What are they? ▪ Government financial assistance

The TVA Tennessee Valley Authority Helped farmers and created jobs in one of the least developed regions

Key Players in the New Deal Roosevelt surrounded himself with advisors “Brain trust” ▪ An informal group of intellectuals who helped draft policies ▪ Harry Hopkins, Adolf Berle, Rexford G. Tugwell

Groundbreaking Appointments First to appoint a women to a cabinet post. Frances Perkins ▪ Secretary of Labor Hired African Americans Mary Mc. Leod Bethune ▪ Director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the Youth Administration ▪ She organized the Federal Council on Negro Affairs (aka “black Cabinet”)

Eleanor Roosevelt Strong supporting, traveled since it was hard for FDR to travel Some of her actions caused FDR problems Discuss the Southern Conference for Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama

The New Deal Falters When new programs didn’t bring significant economic improvements, critic arouse Discuss what Hoover said Supreme Court ▪ Declared NIRA unconstitutional ▪ Struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers

A Second New Deal Included more social welfare benefits, stricter controls over business, stronger support for unions and higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies Works Progress Administration (WPA) Built or improved playgrounds, schools, hospitals, and airfields, and it supported the creative work of many artists and writers National Youth Administration Provided education, jobs, etc for young people ages 16 -25

New and Expanded Agencies Cont. d’ Resettlement Administration Loaned money to owners of small farms, tenants and sharecroppers Farm Security Administration (FSA) Loaned $1 billion to farmers and set up camps for migrant workers

Rural Electrification 1930’s 90% of cities had electricity 10% of rural areas Rural Electrification Administration (REA) Offered loans to businesses and farmers to provide electricity

New Labor Legislation When NIRA declared unconstitutional, new legislation was passed National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) Legalized union practices like collective bargaining and closed shops. ▪ What are closed shops?

New Labor Legislation Cont. d’ Outlawed spying and blacklisting. What is blacklisting? National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) Enforced the Wagner Act Fair Labor Standards Act Banned child labor and minimum wage set

Social Security Provided financial security to people who could not support themselves Three types of insurances (discuss each) 1. Old-age pensions and survivors’ benefits 2. Unemployment insurance 3. Aid for dependent children, the blind, and the disabled.

The 1936 Election Alfred M. Landon vs. Roosevelt FDR won by a landslide