Theodore Roosevelts Square Deal Chapter 9 Section 3

Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal Chapter 9 Section 3 The Americans: Reconstruction through the 20 th Century http: //www. theodoreroosevelt. org/life/biopictures. htm

A Rough-Riding President § The man who was never suppose to be President. § The New York Political Machine could not control the new young governor and so they plotted to get him kicked upstairs. § What does “kicked upstairs” mean? § The Bosses got him nominated as the Vice. Presidential candidate for Mc. Kinley in 1900. § What they didn’t realize was that he was a heartbeat from the American Presidency.

Life &Times of Roosevelt § Came from wealthy New York family § As a child he was of poor health and suffered from asthma § He embraced a vigorous lifestyle to make himself strong. § Marksmen § Horsemen § Boxing § Wrestling § Hunting

Roosevelt’s Political Career § § § New York State Assemblyman New York City Police Commissioner Assistant Secretary of the U. S. Navy Governor of New York Vice-President of the United States

The Modern Presidency § Roosevelt became the youngest person ever to be President. (Age 42) § Who is the youngest person to ever be elected President? § Roosevelt established a new type of Presidency and was constantly in the news with his many exploits. § Name some examples: § Boxing with a Professional and losing the sight in one eye § Galloped on horseback for 100 miles § Spared the life of a bear cub and started the use of “Teddy Bears”

Roosevelt On Life § “In life, as in a football game, the principle to follow is: HIT THE LINE HARD” http: //www. theodoreroosevelt. org/life/biopictures. htm

THE MODERN PRESIDENCY § “Bully Pulpit” – Use of the Presidency to influence the media and shape legislation. § Roosevelt used his dynamic personality and extreme popularity to advance his programs of change. § Cited federal responsibility for national welfare § Thought if states could not handle problems then the federal government should

THE SQUARE DEAL § Term used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration. § Wanted to save the common man from the victimization by big business and give them a “Square Deal”.

ROOSEVELT USES FEDERAL POWERS § 1902 Coal Strike § Federal Arbitration § Trust Busting § Railroad Regulation § Protecting Citizens § Protecting the Environment

1902 COAL STRIKE § 140, 000 coal miners in Pennsylvania go on strike § Want 20% Raise § 9 Hour Work Day § Right to Organize a Union § Owners refuse to give into demands § Strike lasts 5 months, reserves of coal run low § Schools and factories close, hospitals are freezing § Roosevelt calls both sides to the White House

FEDERAL ARBITRATION § § § Roosevelt threatens to take over the mines. Sides agree to Federal Arbitration commission works with both sides to mediate the dispute. § Compromise Settlement § 10% wage increase § 9 Hour work day § Gave up demands for a closed-shop: all workers must belong to a union § Gave up the right to strike for 3 years § Set precedent of the federal government intervening and the expectation of them doing so.

TRUSTS § Trust = Monopoly § What % of U. S. industries were controlled by trusts at the turn of the century? § 80% § Many used unfair business practices and took advantage of competitors and customers. § Standard Oil – John D. Rockefeller

Roosevelt on Trusts § Didn’t think all Trusts were BAD § Fights to curb trusts when their actions hurt public interest. § Used the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) § Difficult to enforce this very vague law § Filed 44 antitrust suits against big business with his real intent to institute FEDERAL REGULATION.

Roosevelt on Railroad Regulation § Interstate Commerce Act (1887) § Est. the Interstate Commerce Commission § Prohibited “pools” in which wealthy railroad owners divided the business in a given area and shared the profits § Elkins Act (1903) § Made it illegal for RR officials to give, and shippers to receive, REBATES-discounts or refunds. § Specified that once a RR had set rates, it could not change them w/out notifying the public. § Hepburn Act (1906) § Strictly limited the distribution of free RR passes, a common form of bribery. § Allowed the ICC the power to set max. rates, subject to the court, if shippers complained.

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair § Book that tried to show the poor working conditions in Chicago meat packing plants and its effect on workers. § “I aimed at a nations heart, but by accident I hit it in the stomach. ” § Exposed the sickening, dirty conditions of the meat packing industry. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Beef_industry_panorama_1900_loc. jpg

Meat Inspection Act § Dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers § Created a federal meat inspection program that is still in use today http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Jungle

Pure Food and Drug Act § Manufactures often used harmful substances in foods and drugs § Coal-tar § Borax § Formaldehyde § Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines § Called for “Truth in Labeling”

Conservation and Natural Resources § Government did little to protect U. S. natural resources prior to the Roosevelt Administration. § Companies exploited resources and wasted much. § Pollution Problems § Americans saw resources as endless

Establishment of National Parks Service § Yellowstone National Park 1872 – 1 st NP § Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest land in reserve § Set aside 1. 5 million acres of water-power sites § Set aside 80 million acres of land for exploration of minerals and water resources § Established more than 50 wildlife sanctuaries and more national parks

Gifford Pinchot Conservation vs. Preservation § Professional conservationist and head of the U. S. Forest Service § Conservation – Some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good. § Preservation – Complete preservation of wilderness areas. § National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)§ Money from the sale of public lands in the West would fund large-scale irrigation projects § Established the practice of the federal governments management of precious water resources

Presidents on Civil Rights § Roosevelt § Not a supporter of civil rights for African-Americans § Did support a few individual African-Americans § South Carolina Custom house official § African-American Post Mistress in Mississippi § Invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House § Taft § No action on civil rights § Wilson § § § Opposed federal anti-lynching laws Resumed the practice of segregation in Federal offices Threw an African-American delegation out after being confronted about the lack of presidential support for civil rights