English III Rhetorical Terms Ms Kelly Allegory A

English III Rhetorical Terms Ms. Kelly

Allegory A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning about human life, politics, or society Dr. Seuss is a famous allegorist Many of his stories are loved by kids but also have a hidden message for adults

Dr. Seuss’ “The Sneetches” "The Sneetches" is a favorite Dr. Seuss story for all kids who have read it. It tells the story of some silly creatures who spend their all their days thinking about how special/terrible they are because of the star they have/don't have on their bellies. Written in 1961, at the beginning of the civil rights era It exemplifies opposition to bigotry The “star” was inspired by the yellow Star of David Jews were forced to wear during Nazi Germany in the 30 s and 40 s. Readers understand immediately how brilliantly Dr. Seuss has illustrated the ridiculousness of racism and the harm it can cause through this beautiful allegory.

Dr. Seuss’ Yertle the Turtle Story was removed from many schools for being too political Published in 1958 Yertle ultimately symbolizes a power hungry dictator like Hitler This is a story about how all creatures should be free The “burp” symbolizes rebellion

Parable Instructive story told to illustrate a moral lesson or spiritual lesson The Good Samaritan – Luke 10: 25 -37 Following parable teaches how to be the right type of neighbor to those around us, we should show mercy and compassion for all men. A parable may convey other images and implications, but it has only one main point established usually through the use of comparison using an extended metaphor or simile Many different cultures have parables and use them in religious teachings

The Good Samaritan – Luke 10: 25 -37 A lawyer approached Jesus and asked what he needed to do to be saved. He was looking for Jesus to approve that he knew the law and had obeyed it sufficiently to earn his way to Heaven. Jesus replied that if the man kept the whole law (which Jesus knew he could not) then he could earn his salvation. The lawyer, apparently aware that he had not loved other people as he supposedly loved God asked Jesus to qualify exactly which people he was supposed to love to be saved. Jesus answered with the story of the Good Samaritan. As a man traveled from Jerusalem to Jericho he was robbed, beaten and left half dead. A priest walked by and saw the man, but passed by on the other side of the road so as not to be bothered by the man. Later a Levite did the same thing. Finally a Samaritan, who were not loved by the Jews, saw the Jewish man lying beside the road. The Samaritan bound up the wounds of the man and carried him to an inn. At the inn he continued to care for the wounded man until he had to leave. He gave money to the innkeeper to continue to care for the wounded man. Jesus then asked the lawyer which of the three men was a neighbor. The lawyer answered that it was the Samaritan who had shown mercy to the wounded man. Jesus said that the lawyer needed to show that type of mercy and compassion on all men.

Gothic See Romantic notes

Symbolism A symbol is an object that stands for something larger than itself. It means both what it is and something more. It is a tangible object meant to represent an intangible thought or idea. Example: A dove is both a bird and a symbol of peace.

Irony is when you say something or do something that normally means the opposite. Verbal Irony- (sarcasm) For example if you said, "I wish my teacher would call on me more, I love the feeling of absolute terror you get when everyone is staring at you. " Situation irony- a persons actions lead to the outcome they want to avoid. For example Shrek thought that "love's true form" would make Fiona a human but she became an ogre! Dramatic irony-when the audience knows something that the characters don't. For example: In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, we know that the apple is poisoned but Snow White doesn't! https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=LKQXTs. Xo. Hl. Q In the video we watch name the irony being displayed!

Apostrophe

Point of View First person-point of view is in use when a character narrates the story with I-me-my-mine in his or her speech. The advantage of this point of view is that you get to hear the thoughts of the narrator and see the world depicted in the story through his or her eyes. However, remember that no narrator, like no human being, has complete self-knowledge or, for that matter, complete knowledge of anything. Therefore, the reader's role is to go beyond what the narrator says.

Point of View Second-person point of view, in which the author uses you and your, is rare authors seldom speak directly to the reader When you encounter this point of view, pay attention Why? The author has made a daring choice, probably with a specific purpose in mind Most times, second-person point of view draws the reader into the story, almost making the reader a participant in the action

Point of View Third person point of view is that of an outsider looking at the action. The writer may choose third-person omniscient (all knowing), in which the thoughts of every character are open to the reader Or third-person limited, in which the reader enters only one character's mind, either throughout the entire work or in a specific section. Third-person limited differs from first-person because the author's voice, not the character's voice, is what you hear in the descriptive passages

Archetype A recurrent narrative design, pattern of action, character type, themes or image which is identifiable in a wide variety of works of literature. It's something that's appeared in literature so often that it's very recognizable. For example, an archetypical theme is "love conquers all. " Where have we *not* seen that before? An archetypical plot structure is the infamous love triangle.

Archetype Characters The Hero (think of the classic hero journey & qualities of hero) “The main character leaves his or her community to go on an adventure, performing deeds that bring honor to the community” The courageous figure, the one who’s always running in and saving the day.

Archetype Characters The Mother Figure Fairy Godmother (or surrogate mother) – comforts and directs child, especially when he or she is confused and needs guidance. Represents powers that can be called on for help when it is needed. Helps young person to solve own problems Earth Mother – This character is symbolic of fulfillment, abundance, and fertility; offers spiritual and emotional nourishment to those who she contacts; often depicted in earth colors, with bountiful curves to suggest fertility

Archetype Characters The Vampire Character NOTE--- DO NOT CONFUSE WITH THE MODERN VAMPIRE SPIN ON THIS Twilight and Vampire Diaries and Buffy all have “human like vampires” Cold and calculating Preys on the weak Eyes are hawk-like, sharp and focused Sleeps by day (or not at all) & hunts by night Wears the mask of civilization Does not play by societies rules Seems very cultured, controlled, well educated, polite --a false sense of security that makes a comment on how our OWN civilization is a mask we wear to cover up the beast beneath. vampires most often upper class think of lower classes as less than themselves or animalistic less empathetic towards other classes of people DO not consider the needs, wants, feelings, of those in other classes as important

Metonymy

Existentialism 20 th century philosophy a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will

What Existentialism is… Humans have free will Human nature is chosen through life choices- you determine your future A person is best when struggling against their individual nature or fighting for life Decisions are not without stress and consequences There are things that are not rational or cannot be explained Personal responsibility and discipline is crucial Society is unnatural and its traditional religious and secular rules are illogical Worldly desire is futile

What existentialism is not… wealth, social pleasure, or honor make for a good life values and structure control the individual accept what is and that is enough in life science can and will make everything better people are basically good but ruined by society or external forces “I want my way, now!” or “It is not my fault!” mentality

Synecdoche a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups or vice versa It may also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packing by the name of that container or packing For example, calling a car “wheels” is a synecdoche because a part of a car “wheels” stands for the whole car Do not get confused with metonymy! With metonymy, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not necessarily a part of it!

More examples of Synecdoches The word “bread” refers to food or money as in “Writing is my bread and butter” or “sole breadwinner”. The phrase “gray beard” refers to an old man. The word “sails” refers to a whole ship. The word “suits” refers to businessmen. The word “boots” usually refers to soldiers. The term “coke” is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks.

Literary example of Synecdoche Coleridge employs synecdoche in his poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: “The western wave was all a-flame. The day was well was nigh done! Almost upon the western wave Rested the broad bright Sun” The “western wave” is a synecdoche as it refers to the sea by the name of one of its parts i. e. wave.

Puns is a form of word play that suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect

More Puns

Litotes Deliberate understatement, especially when expressing a thought by denying its opposite For example “not too bad” for “very good” is an understatement as well as a double negative statement that confirms a positive idea by negating the opposite In everyday life, it is common to experience litotes in conversations although not many people are aware of this term and its usage

Litotes examples They The do not seem the happiest couple around. ice cream was not too bad. New York is not an ordinary city. Your comments on politics are not useless. You are not as young as you used to be. She is no beauty queen.

Satire Writing to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule The intention is to improve humanity by criticizing its issues The fictional characters actually stand for real people- expose their corruption

Satire

Hubris is an excess of confidence or pride: a boxer who shouts "I'm the greatest!" even though he's about to get pummeled by a much stronger opponent is displaying a lot of hubris. Hubris is from Greek, where it meant "excessive pride, violating the bounds set for humans" and was always punished by the gods Hubris examples are also examples of “Hamartia”, a tragic flaw in a character that brings about his tragic downfall.

Hubris In his famous epic “Paradise Lost”, Milton portrays “Satan” as a character that suffers from Hubris. His loses his glorious position through giving in to his excessive pride. It was his Hubris that made him try to take control over Heaven. Although he failed miserably, his pride lasts: “Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav’n. ” The reason of his desire to rebel against his creator originates from his reluctance to accept the authority of God and His Son because he believed that angels are ”selfbegot, self-raised” and hence bringing his downfall in being thrown out of Paradise.

Tragic Flaw a character trait that brings about the downfall of the protagonist ironically, in some works, this "flaw" is the character's greatest strength taken to an extreme. It may be a lack of judgment or self-knowledge, but most often it is pride or hubris.

Tragic Flaw Faustus: “But Faustus’ offense can ne’er be pardoned; The serpent that tempted Eve may be saved, But not Faustus…. God forbade it indeed but Faustus hath done it. For the vain pleasure of four and twenty years hath Faustus lost eternal joy and felicity…. . Fair nature’s eye, rise again and make Perpetual day. Or let this hour be but a year, A month, a week, a natural day, That Faustus may repent and save his soul O mercy, heaven! Look not so fierce on me… I’ll burn my books” The tragic flaw of Dr. Faustus is his ambitious nature to learn He made a contract with the devil and sold his soul. Finally, his soul is taken to hell and then he realizes his sin and repents but it was too late.

Tragic Flaw-Hunger Games Katniss is just a regular teenage girl living in a harsh post-Apocalyptic world where once a year children are forced to fight to the death. She would have continued to lead this harsh life if it were not for her tragic flaw-overprotectiveness She is so protective of other, particularly her sister, that she sacrifices her life for her sisters to go into the Hunger Games

Ode a poem in which a person expresses a strong feeling of love or respect for someone or something The word “ode” comes from the Greek word “oide” meaning “to sing or chant. ”

Ode to Autumn- Poem by John Keats Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatcheaves run; To bend with apples the mossed cottagetrees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core; To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells With a sweet kernel; to set budding more, And still more, later flowers for the bees, Until they think warm days will never cease, For Summer has o'er-brimmed their clammy cell. Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store? Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find Thee sitting careless on a granary floor, Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind; Or on a half-reaped furrow sound asleep, Drowsed with the fume of poppies, while thy hook Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers; And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep Steady thy laden head across a brook; Or by a cider-press, with patient look, Thou watchest the last oozings, hours by hours. Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they? Think not of them, thou hast thy music too, -While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day, And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue; Then in a wailful choir, the small gnats mourn Among the river sallows, borne aloft Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies; And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn; Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft, And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.

Ode on a Unicycle- Kenn Nesbitt Unicycle, unicycle, radiant and round. Spying you, you spoke to me without a single sound. Unicycle, unicycle, beautiful and kind, like the petals on a flower wheeling through my mind. Unicycle, unicycle, you're my one desire. Losing you would break my heart. Of you I'll never tire. Unicycle, unicycle always by my side. That's, of course, because you are impossible to ride.

Ode Assignments! You are to write your own ode! It can be an ode to love, pain, freedom, nature, men, women, blessings, places, fruit, a soccer ball, a chair, desk, lap top, cell phone, video game, etc. It is to be a poem of honor and or love It should be at least 4 stanzas of two sentences each You are allowed to be funny or serious just keep it clean!

Catharsis It is an emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress Catharsis In is a Greek word and it means cleansing literature it is used for the cleansing of emotions of the characters

Catharsis in Literature “Romeo and Juliet” by William Shakespeare In “Romeo and Juliet”, Romeo commits suicide by drinking the poison that he thinks Juliet had tasted too. The audience usually finds themselves crying at this particular moment for several reasons. One because losing a loved one is a feeling that all of us share. Watching or reading such a scene triggers the memories of someone we have lost (either by death or by mere separation) and because we are able to relate to it, we suddenly release the emotions that we have been repressing. “Here’s to my love! [Drinks] O true apothecary! Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. [Falls]”

Characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character. Characterization is revealed through: direct characterization Indirect characterization

Direct Characterization tells the audience what the personality of the character is “Bill was short and fat, and his bald spot was widening with every passing year. ” “‘Jane is a cruel person, ’ she said. ’” “I looked in the mirror and saw how dark the circles under my green eyes had become. ”

Indirect Characterization showing the audience what kind of person a character is through the character’s thoughts, words, and deeds audience needs to make inferences about why a character would say or do those things A. k. a. implicit characterization. Examples: “Bill sighed as he looked at the offer of a gym membership. He really should join. But just thinking about it made beads of sweat collect at the top of his bald spot. ” “As Jane walked past the box labeled ‘Free Puppies, ’ she furtively glanced around her, then gave the box a swift kick. ” “I yawned, trying to keep my eyes open in the meeting. I reached for my coffee cup and was disappointed to realize it was empty. ”

Literary Examples of Characterization (Direct and Indirect) East of Eden by John Steinbeck Cathy was chewing a piece of meat, chewing with her front teeth. Samuel had never seen anyone chew that way before. And when she had swallowed, her little tongue flicked around her lips. Samuel’s mind repeated, “Something—something— can’t find what it is. Something wrong, ” and the silence hung on the table. Sonnet 130 William Shakespeare My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips’ red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.

Character Development Dynamic A dynamic character is a person who changes over time, usually as a result of resolving a central conflict or facing a major crisis. Most dynamic characters tend to be central rather than peripheral characters, because resolving the conflict is the major role of central characters. Static A static character is someone who does not change over time; his or her personality does not transform or evolve.

Character Complexity Round A rounded character is anyone who has a complex personality; he or she is often portrayed as a conflicted and contradictory person. Flat A flat character is the opposite of a round character. This literary personality is notable for one kind of personality trait or characteristic.

Other kinds of characters Stock characters are those types of characters who have become conventional or stereotypical through repeated use in particular types of stories. Stock characters are instantly recognizable to readers or audience members Femme fatale Mad Scientist Geeky guy with the glasses Witchy popular girl Faithful sidekick Stock characters are normally one-dimensional/flat characters

Other kinds of characters Symbolic A symbolic character is any major or minor character whose very existence represents some major idea or aspect of society Christ figure-self-sacrificing Materialistic Corrupt mean girl politician

Connotation versus Denotation Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word represents the various social overtones, cultural implications, or emotional meanings associated with a sign or meaning of a word Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word

Hollywood Connotation- name ‘Hollywood’ connotes such things as glitz, glamour, tinsel, celebrity, and dreams of stardom Denotation- the name ‘Hollywood’ denotes an area of Los Angeles, worldwide known as the center of the American movie industry.

Connotation or Denotation The media were swarming around the pileup on the innerbelt to capture every conceivable injury for the evening news. • The journalists were on the scene at the innerbelt crash to document the incident for the evening news. Photographers stood patiently along the walkway, awaiting the arrival of the Oscar nominees. The paparazzi lined the walkway anxiously poised to snap the Oscar nominees.

Stream of Consciousness a literary style in which a character's thoughts, feelings, and reactions are depicted in a continuous flow uninterrupted by objective description or conventional dialogue “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” "I been silent so long now it's gonna roar out of me like floodwaters and you think the guy telling this is ranting and raving my God; you think this is too horrible to have really happened, this is too awful to be the truth! But, please. It's still hard for me to have a clear mind on it. But it's the truth even if it didn't happen. "

Metaphysical Add the Greek prefix "meta-" (beyond) to the base "physical" (nature), and you get metaphysical — a near synonym to the Latin-based word "supernatural. " Both concern phenomena that are outside everyday experience or knowledge. we might identify passages or whole works as metaphysical if they deal with ideas of the spirit (or of existence) that are not specifically related to any dogma or religion These writers show an interest in positing a spiritual identity that goes beyond the physical world, or which helps to explain the emotional and intellectual states that an individual experiences. Metaphysical poets attempt to answer the following questions: Does God exist? Is there a difference between the way things appear to us and the way they really are? Essentially, what is the difference between reality and perception? Is everything that happens already predetermined? If so, then is free choice non-existent? Is consciousness limited to the brain?

Metaphysical poetry Death, be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so: For those whom thou think’st thou dost overthrow Die not, poor Death, not yet canst thou kill me. From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow, And soonest our best men with thee do go, Rest of their bones, and soul’s delivery. Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell, And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well And better than thy stroke; why swell’st thou then? One short sleep past, we wake eternally And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die. John Donne

Analysis Religious paradox: fear of death at the hand of God, yet it is coupled with the idea of resurrection after death, which isn’t scary. Quite the paradox! In the words of the poem, death has no reason to "swell" with pride. We are afraid of death, and yet we are not afraid' of death. This religious idea is expressed in the author's supposed dialogue with "death", as various reasons are given in the poem to argue against the common belief in death as "mighty and dreadful". A person’s death is victory over death!

Conceit A comparison turns into a conceit when the writer tries to make us see a similarity between two things that are extremely unlike Conceits are often surprising Often leads to surprise and shock the readers by making farfetched comparisons. Hence, conceit is used as a tool in literature to develop interest in readers. “My life is like a free online game, people seem to be playing with it. ” “Love is like an oil change”

Conceit in Literature The Flea “Oh stay! three lives in one flea spare Where we almost, yea more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage-bed and marriage-temple is” In the above lines, the poet tells his darling that she has no reason to deny him sexually as the flea has sucked blood from both them and their blood has mingled in its gut, so the flea has become their “wedding bed”, though they are not married yet. Very weird to connect a flea to a thing like love!