SOL Reading Literary Terms Review Woodgrove High School

SOL Reading Literary Terms Review Woodgrove High School

Allegory Definition: - stories that use characters to represent abstract qualities - often teaches religious or moral lessons Examples: - Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Lord Of The Flies by William Golding - Moby Dick by Herman Melville - Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri

Allegory A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one Examples: "Animal Farm" by George Orwell The short story “Animal Farm” represents the events leading up to Soviet totalitarianism in Russia by Stalin in a farm setting. The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri In The Divine Comedy, Dante, symbolizing humankind, is taken by Virgil the poet on a journey through Hell, Purgatory and Paradise

Allegory • Definition: • Examples: – The Faerie Queene, Edmund Spenser – The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan – The Divine Comedy, Dante – Lord of the Flies, William Golding – Moby Dick, Herman Melville – Animal Farm, George Orwell – Allegory is a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. • The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Allegory of the four elements:

Alliteration The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Examples: • Sam saw a spider sliding down the stairs. • Paul picked plums from Patty’s plum patch.

Alliteration • Alliteration refers to the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words and/or phrases. • Ex. 1. Becky’s beagle barked and bayed, becoming bothersome for Billy. 2. Peter’s piglet pranced priggishly

ALLITERATION Definition: Alliteration is the repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words. Examples: - Sweet smell of success - Bigger the better - A dime a dozen - Jump for joy

Alliteration • The repetition of initial consonant sounds in a series of words • Example: -Sally sells seashells by the seashore. -Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

Allusion Definition: • An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference - an allusion to Shakespeare • - a classical allusion • The practice of making such references, esp. as an artistic device Examples: "I was not born in a manger. I was actually born on Krypton and sent here by my father, Jor-el, to save the Planet Earth. " ~ Senator Barrack Obama, speech at a fund-raiser for Catholic charities, October 16, 2008 Barrack Obama makes an allusion to Superman. She transformed her backyard to look like the Garden of Eden. This is an allusion to the Bible. His wife was his Achilles' heel. This is an allusion to mythology and this has a different name know as a mythological allusion

Allusion • Definition - is a brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious, or to a work of art within a work of art. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion Examples: 1. Andy Warhol, a 20 th-century American artist most famous for his pop-art images of Campbell soup cans and of Marilyn Monroe, commented about the explosion of media coverage by saying, “In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes. “ Today, when someone receives a great deal of media attention for something fairly trivial, and he or she is said to be experiencing his or her “ 15 minutes of fame”, the allusion is to Andy Warhol's famous saying. 2. Allusion Martin Luther King, Jr. , alluded to the Gettysburg Address in starting his "I Have a Dream" speech by saying 'Five score years ago. . . "; his hearers were immediately reminded of Abraham Lincoln's "Four score and seven years ago", which opened the Gettysburg Address. King's allusion effectively called up parallels in two historic moments

Antagonist Definition: • “the adversary of the hero or protagonist of a drama or other literary work” – dictionary. com Examples: • • The antagonist of the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling is Voldemort (with the exception of The Prisoner of Azkaban) The antagonist of the Hound of the Baskervilles is Stapleton. The antagonist of the play “Hamlet” could be considered to be Claudius or Hamlet himself The antagonist of the book Grendel by John Gardner is the world. http: //deathstarpr. blogspot. com/20 11/04/fame-voldemorts-gonna-live -forever. html

Antagonist • A person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something • The antagonist in Spider -Man was the Green Goblin. • The antagonist in this novel attempted to blow up the town.

Antagonist Definition~ A character who is opposed to good. Adversary. Examples~ ~ Voldemort (from Harry Potter series) ~ Lex Luther (from Superman series) http: //www. google. com/imgres? imgurl=http: //www. boomtron. com/w p-content/uploads/2010/06/harry-voldemor-deathly-hallows. jpg

Aside Definition: A brief comment made on stage to the audience, so that the other characters cannot hear. Example: - In Romeo and Juilet: the balcony scene -Juliet. O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And I'll no longer be a Capulet. -Romeo. [Aside. ] Shall I hear more, or shall I speak at this?

Aside Definition-noun-Words spoken (usually in a play) that can be heard by the audience but not by other characters Example 1 -The play had an aside in it, where the main character turned to the crowed and gave his own, unspoken, opinion on the situation. Example 2 -The character gave an aside during the play, explaining the current situation and his growing suspicions of the character next to him.

Aside Definition: a part of an actor's lines supposedly not heard by others on the stage and intended only for the audience. a temporary departure from a main theme or topic, especially a parenthetical comment or remark; short digression. Examples: • In Othello, examples of asides can be found while Iago is informing the audience of his plans and his route he has mapped out to achieving his goals. • In Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Polonius, who is a Chamberlin, speaks about his daughter in an aside.

Aside Definition: • In theater, a part of an actor’s/actress’s lines that is heard only by the audience, and by none of the other characters that are on stage. Examples: “Time, thou anticipatest my dread exploits. ” -Macbeth, in Macbeth by Shakespeare

BALLAD Definition: A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung, consisting of simple stanzas and usually having a refrain. Examples: *Oscar Wilde’s “Ballad of Reading Gaol” *Aerosmith’s “Dream On” *Led Zeppelin’s “Stairway to Heaven” *Heart’s “What About Love”

Ballad Definition: • a simple narrative poem of folk origin, composed in short stanzas and adapted for singing. Examples: • • • Sir Patrick Spens Bonnie Barbara Allen The Rime of Ancient Mariner

Ballad Definition: • A poem that tells a story, usually with a musical quality or rhythm and put to music. Examples: • “Light do I see within my Lady’s eyes And loving spirits in its plenisphere Which bear in strange delight on my heart’s care Till Joy’s awakened from that sepulchre. ” from Ballata 5, by Guido Cavalcanti

Ballad Definition-noun- A free verse poem that is usually told orally and set to music. Example 1 - The ballad told a story of a young man and a young girl who had met and fell in love, but then were separated when a terrible storm struck. Example 2 - The man sung the ballad while playing his banjo to give a more upbeat feel to the otherwise grim story.

Ballad Definitio n: • any light, simple song, especially one of sentimental or romantic character, having two or more stanzas all sung to the same melody. Examples The Ballad of the Green Berets by Sgt. Barry Sadler The Ballad of Persse O’Reilly by James Joyce The Ballad Of A Bachelor by Ellis Parker Butler Ballad on the American War by Robert Burns

Blank Verse Definition: A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter • Much of Shakespeare’s plays – “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” as well as other Renaissance plays • Milton’s Paradise Lost • The Ball Poem by John Berryman What is the boy now, who has lost his ball, What, what is he to do? I saw it go Merrily bouncing, down the street, and then Merrily over-there it is in the water!

Blank Verse Definition: Verse without rhyme scheme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter Example: Romeo and Juliet Example: Hamlet Tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools. The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player. That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. And then is heard no more: it is a tale. Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. "Indeed this counselor / Is now most still, most secret, and most grave, / Who was in life a foolish prating knave”

Blank Verse Definition: Unrhymed Iambic Pentameter • Examples: Paradise Lost by Milton Men called him Mulciber; and how he fell From heaven, they fabled, thrown by angry Jove Sheer o'er the crystal battlements: from morn To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve. • The Ball Poem by John Berryman What is the boy now, who has lost his ball, What, what is he to do? I saw it go Merrily bouncing, down the street, and then Merrily over-there it is in the water!

Blank Verse • Verse without rhyme, esp. that which uses iambic pentameter • What is the boy now, who has lost his ball, What, what is he to do? I saw it go Merrily bouncing, down the street, and then Merrily over-there it is in the water! • But soft! What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East and Juliet is the sun! A-rise fair sun and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief That though her maid art far more fair than she • unrhymed verse, especially the unrhymed iambic pentameter most frequently used in English dramatic, epic, and reflective verse.

Cacophony • A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds • a discordant and meaningless mixture of sounds • She heard a cacophony of hoots, cackles, and wails. • The sound of city traffic during midday is ridiculous.

Cacophony Definition: harsh or discordant sound: dissonance; Specifically: harshness in the sound of words or phrases Examples: • The sounds of barking dogs and sirens added to the cacophony on the streets. • The cacophony of a pet store full of animals.

Cacophony • Definition: Harsh, discordant sounds • Examples: finger of birth-strangled babe. EXCERPT FROM JABBERWOCKY BY LEWIS CARROLL 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.

Cacophony Definition: Examples: a harshness of sound. discordant noise • • • 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe Breakers crashed onto jagged rocks and clawed the sands with brutal strikes, pummeling the beach Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch

Cacophony Definition: A technique in poetry in which using an unpleasant, harsh spoken sound is created by clashing consonants Example: 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves 
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; 
All mimsy were the borogoves, 
And the mome raths outgrabe. -Lewis Carroll Example: And thou, who didst the stars and sunbeams know, /Selfschool'd, self-scann'd, selfhonor'd, self-secure, /Didst tread on earth unguess'd at. –Matthew Arnold

Characterization Definition: • a graphic or vivid verbal description by an author describing the characters of his story. Examples: - The girl was in her teenage years and always wore a bright yellow dress that expressed her perfect tan. - There was a middle-aged man who was wearing a long, brown coat and looked very suspicious.

Climax • The decisive moment in a drama, the climax is the turning point of the play to which the rising action leads. • Examples: • 1. In Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" the climax occurs at the end of Marc Antony's speech to the Roman public. • 2. The climax of Romeo and Juliet occurs in Act 3 just after Romeo kills Tybalt when he realizes he has just murdered his wife's cousin

Climax Definition the highest or most intense point in the development or resolution of something (in a dramatic or literary work) a decisive moment that is of maximum intensity or is a major turning point in a plot. Examples • In the movie 127 hours when he cuts off his arm. • In Toy Story when the toys escape Sid’s house. • In Aladin when Aladin fights Jafar. • In The Patriot when Mel Gibson’s soldiers fight on the front line against Cornwalis.

Climax Definition: Examples: • The point at which the action in a story reaches its emotional peak The highest level of conflict and drama • • In the climax to the film "Star Wars, " the empire's death star is ready to destroy the rebel base. Luke Skywalker and rebel pilots attack the base, and after the deaths of some rebel pilots, Skywalker successfully fires his missile into the death star's vulnerable spot and destroys the death star, saving the rebel forces. In Grendel, the climax is when Beowulf rips Grendel’s arm off during the fight. The climax of the book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is when Harry Potter and Voldermort battle and Voldermort is killed by Harry.

Climax Definition: • the highest or most intense point in the development. The climax of work usually involves an important event, decision, or discovery that affects the final outcome. Examples: • • The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd. The climax in Beowulf is when Beowulf kills Grendel’s mother.

Climax • Definition: a) the highest point b) a figure of speech in which a series of phrases or sentences is arranged in ascending order of rhetorical forcefulness. Reaching the climax is like reaching the top of a mountain. • Examples: “The climax of that movie kept me on the edge of my seat because it was filled with so much action!” – this is the high point in the movie and everything leading up to this point. “The man has reaches the climax of his life as he has traveled around the world and experienced things no one else has. ” – this is the high point and the ascending points leading to this point of greatest.

Consonance Definition: the repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of consecutive words that do not rhyme Examples: blank and think, brick and clock

Consonance Definition: Examples: A poetic device, repetition of sounds or consonants; • • • “as in guys she gently sways at ease” -"The Silken Tent" by Robert Frost "Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile/Whether Jew or gentile I rank top percentile. " - Zealots by the Fugees "And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain. " - ”The Raven” by Adgar Alan Poe Totally a picture of Consonance.

Consonance Definition: Consonance is the repetition, at close intervals, of the final consonants of accented syllables or important words , especially at the ends of words, Examples • Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow • Litter and batter • Spelled and scald • Laughed and deft

Cultural Hero Definition • a mythical or mythicized character who embodies the aspirations of the society in which the story takes place • He appeals to society because he stands out from traditional beliefs Examples Ulysses in The Odyssey Beowulf in Beowulf Robin Hood

Cultural Hero Definition: • a mythical or mythicized historical figure who embodies the aspirations or ideals of a society Examples: • • Beowulf has extreme strength and is cocky. Batman is extremely brave and is very humble.

Cultural Hero • Cultural Hero- A figure who embodies the ideals of a society • Ex. Superman • Ex. Nelson Mandela

Diction Definition: Examples: vstyle of speaking or writing as o in a look until dropped like dependent upon choice of words an egg on the floor let slop, crashed to slide vthe accent, inflection, and run, yolk yellow intonation, and speech-sound for the live, the dead who quality manifested by an individual speaker, usually judged worked through me (Wherever You Are, Be Somewhere Else: Denise in terms of prevailing standards Ø Riley) of acceptability o Or is it the pentagram Hidden in a bed the conversation of bodies. Ø (The prose of walking back to China: Christopher Middleton)

Diction • Definition: Style of speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of words • Examples: v Grendel uses words that portray gloominess and confusion to provide sympathy for Grendel. v Words and Behavior uses complex words to provide knowledgeable feel to the essay.

DICTION- (noun) the authors choice or words Sentence- The authors true meaning or theme cannot be conveyed without a clear diction. Her diction while giving her persuasive speech was flawless.

Dramatic Irony Definition: Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play. Ex. 1: A horror movie is playing all of the sudden creepy music starts playing, the viewers know someone is about to die or discover something horrible but of course the characters can’t hear the music. Ex. 2: In Shrek, donkey knows that Fiona and Shrek like each other but only donkey and the audience knows this, Shrek and Fiona have no idea…yet .

Dynamic Characters • Dynamic characters are characters that change throughout the course of a story • Ebenezer Scrooge from “A Christmas Carol” is a Dynamic character • Aladdin from “Aladdin” is a dynamic character

Visual of Dynamic

Epic Poem Definition: - a story that is usually told of a hero and his adventures - it is written in a formal styles Examples: - The Iliad and The Odyssey by Home - Aeneid by Virgil - Paradise Lost by Milton - Beowulf

Epic Poem a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds. Examples: The Iliad by Homer This epic poem tells of the Trojan Wars the Greeks fought and of the hero Achilles. The Iliad is thousands of years old and has over 15, 000 lines. The Epic of Gilgamesh is an ancient poem who has no specific author from ancient Mesopotamia.

Epic Poem • Definition: – An extended narrative poem recounting actions, travels, adventures, and heroic episodes written in a high style. • Protagonist is heroically larger than life • The deeds of the hero are presented without favoritism • The action (in battle) reveals the more-than-human strength of the heroes • The gods and lesser divinities play an active role in the outcome • All of the various adventures relate in some way to the central theme Examples: • • • Iliad, Homer Odyssey, Homer Aeneid, Virgil Jerusalem Delivered, Tasso Paradise Lost, Milton Beowulf Typical in epics is a set of conventions (or epic machinery). Among them are these: • • • Poem begins with a statement of theme Invocation to the muse or other Story begins in medias res Catalogs (of participants on each side, ships, sacrifices) Histories and descriptions of significant items (who made a sword or shield, how it was decorated, who owned it from generation to generation) Epic simile (a long simile where the image becomes an object of art in its own right as well as serving to clarify the subject). Frequent use of epithets Use of patronymics (calling son by father's name) Long, formal speeches by important characters Journey to the underworld Use of the number three (attempts are made three times, etc. ) Previous episodes in the story are later recounted

Peter Volpone Ethos: A persuasive argument appealing to ethics EXAMPLES: “If you support the army, you support your country – please donate $5 to the army. ” “You wouldn't kill an animal would you? Then why do you litter? Littering is the same as killing animals, STOP LITTERING TODAY!!!”

Ethos Examples: Definition: • Join the military if you want to be a • A type of rhetoric based proud citizen of your country -Some would feel obligated to do on the ethics and something for their country after morals of the speaker seeing this, because of their morals. used to persuade others. • Sponsor a child in Africa to make steps towards a better life for them -Ethics and morals of many people would be put into play by this advertisement.

Ethos • Persuading someone based on the character of the speaker Ex. If Oprah Winfrey talks about a book she likes, many women will also want to read the book because they like Oprah.

External Confict • External Conflict- A struggle between a character and another character, nature, or outside force. • Ex. Beowulf, Mac. Beth

Figurative Language Definition Examples • a type of language that varies from the norms of literal language, in which words mean exactly what they say. Also known as the "ornaments of language, " figurative language does not mean exactly what it says, but instead forces the reader to make an imaginative leap in order to comprehend an author's point. It usually involves a comparison between two things that may not, at first, seem to relate to one another • Simile: He is as funny as a barrel of monkeys • Metaphor: You are what you eat. • Personification: The tornado ran through town without a care.

Figurative language Definition: Figurative language is a word or phrase that departs from everyday literal language for the sake of comparison, emphasis, clarity, or freshness. Metaphor and simile are the two most commonly used figures of speech, but things like hyperbole, synecdoche, puns, and personification are also figures of speech Examples: • I was so hungry that I even ate the plate (Hyperbole) • The rain seemed like an old friend who had finally found us (Simile) • My father was the sun and the moon to me (Metaphor)

Figurative Language Definition: Examples: Literal and figurative language is a • distinction in traditional systems for analyzing language. • Literal language refers to words that do not deviate from their defined meaning. Figurative • language refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter the usual meanings of the component words. Figurative language may involve analogy to similar concepts or other contexts, and may involve exaggerations. These alterations result in figures of speech. “You are an ant, while I am a lion” - http: //www. flocabulary. com/hiphoplanguage. html “The poorest man is the richest, and the rich are poor. ” http: //www. flocabulary. com/hiphoplanguage. html “I fought a million rappers on an afternoon in June. ” http: //www. flocabulary. com/hiphoplanguage. html

Figurative Language Definition: Language that does not mean exactly what it says Examples: Busy as a bee. -Uses “as” = simile My teddy bear gave me a huge hug! -gives a teddy bear human characteristics = personification She sells seashells by the seashore -Repetition of initiation letter or sound = alliteration I am so hungry I could eat an entire bear -An extreme exaggeration = hyperbole Life is a journey -comparing life and journey without using “like” or “as” = metaphor

Flashback Definition: - A literary or cinematic device in which an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronological order of a narrative. Examples: - As the prisoner sat in his jail cell, he began to think about his past… when he was a young boy his parents never had time to care for him and were never around. - The lady landed in her hometown where she grew up and began to remember all the fun times she had when she was growing up.

Flashback Definition: • A flashback in literature is a device that allows the writer to present events that happened before the time of the current narration. Examples: Memories Dreams Stories of the past told by characters In the Harry Potter series flashbacks are used as Harry often looks back to his tragic baby years. • • •

Flashback Definition: Examples: “an interruption of the chronological sequence (as of a film or literary work) of an event of earlier occurrence” (Merriam, 288). ” A reference to an event which took place prior to the beginning of a story or play. - In Grendel, John Gardener uses flashbacks to give the reader a view of Grendel’s early life. In Harry Potter, flashbacks, in the form of Pensieves, are used to give the reader a view of the early life of Tom Riddle, among other things.

FLASHBACK A flashback in literature is a device that allows the writer to present events that happened before the time of the current narration.

Foreshadowing Joshua Kassabian Block 5 • Definition- To show or indicate beforehand. Examples: -The witches in the opening scenes in Macbeth foreshadow the terrible things that will follow. -At the beginning of the Wizard of Oz, when Miss Gluch turns into a witch, foreshadows her roll in Oz.

Foreshadowing Definition: • the act of providing vague advance indications; representing beforehand Examples: • • The music in jaws before the shark comes. Duh nu. duh nu. duhnunu The characters in the Wizard of Oz are in the beginning of the film and appear normal but later are displayed by their characteristics such as the mean lady being the wicked witch of the west.

Foreshadowing Definition: • Foreshadowing is a device in which an author suggests certain plot developments that might come later in the story. Examples: In the fairytale “Little Red Riding Hood”, Little Red Riding Hood’s mother warns her to behave herself on the way to grandmother’s and stay on the path. This foreshadows danger, more specifically danger of the wolf. Foreshadowing is represented in a suspense novel when a character says, “You must never go through that door”. The reader can infer that the main character will venture to open the door in the future.

FORESHADOWING Foreshadowing is a device in which an author suggests certain plot developments that might come later in the story.

Foreshadowing • Hinting at what will happen later in the work of literature. • Harry Potter – Throughout the seven books, there is talk about a final battle, in which one survives and one perishes. This foreshadows the seventh book, and the battle between Harry and Voldemort. • Mac. Beth – The Three Witches in the first act prophesied what would later happen to Mac. Beth and other characters in the end of the play. • (http: //www. uleth. ca/edu/currlab/han douts/fores. jpg)

Foreshadowing • Definition: to show or indicate beforehand; prefigure • 2 Examples: 1). The witches in the opening scene of Shakespeare's Macbeth foreshadow the evil events that will follow. 2). In the opening of The Wizard of Oz, set in Kansas, the transformation of Miss Gulch into a witch on a broomstick foreshadows her reappearance as Dorothy's enemy in Oz.

Foreshadowing Definition: Foreshadowing is the use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in literature. Examples: 1. “I fear too early; for my mind misgives Some consequence yet hanging in the stars Shall bitterly begin his fearful date With this night's revels and expire the term Of a despised life closed in my breast By some vile forfeit of untimely death. But He that hath the steerage of my course, Direct my sail! On, lusty gentlemen” (Shakespeare). 2. A classic example of foreshadowing is found in the children's fairytale "Little Red Riding Hood. " Her mother tells her to take some food to her ill grandmother. However, she warns her to behave herself on the way and stay on the path otherwise she might fall and break the glass. Her mother's warning foreshadows the big bad wolf.

Foreshadowing Definition: n. - the use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in literature. Examples: In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Juliet foreshadows her death in the line: “Go ask his name. —If he be married, My grave is like to be my wedding bed” In Macbeth the whole witches scene foreshadows the death of Machbeth. "Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him".

Free Verse Definition • Verse composed of variable, usually unrhymed lines having no fixed metrical pattern. • Song of Myself by Walt Whitman has no rhyme scheme and no meter. • A Game of Death by J. A. Mc. Manus has no rhym scheme and no meter. Walt Whitman

Free Verse Joshua Kassabian Block 5 • Definition- Verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern. Examples From Marriage Marianne Moore (1887 -1972) This institution, perhaps one should say enterprise out of respect for which one says one need not change one’s mind about a thing one has believed in, requiring public promises of one’s intention to fulfill a private obligation: I wonder what Adam and Eve think of it by this time, this fire-gilt steel alive with goldenness; how bright it shows—

Free Verse Definition: n. - Verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern. Examples: Messy Room by Shel Silverstein Whosever room this is should be ashamed! His underwear is hanging on the lamp. His raincoat is there in the overstuffed chair, And the chair is becoming quite mucky and damp. His workbook is wedged in the window, His sweater's been thrown on the floor. His scarf and one ski are beneath the TV, And his pants have been carelessly hung on the door. His books are all jammed in the closet, His vest has been left in the hall. A lizard named Ed is asleep in his bed, And his smelly old sock has been stuck to the wall. Whosever room this is should be ashamed! Donald or Robert or Willie or-Huh? You say it's mine? Oh, dear, I knew it looked familiar! Feelings, Now: Some kind of attraction that is neither Animal, vegetable, nor mineral, a power not Solar, fusion, or magnetic And it is all in my head that I could see into his And find myself sitting there. Copyright © 1996 by Katherine Foreman.

Figurative Language Definition: a word or phrase that is used in a different way for comparison, emphasis, or clarity An example of a personification: http: //4. bp. blogspot. com/Ufmu. E 4 jhd. Ro/Tarzp. K 1 omu. I/AAAAAk/1 i. KMXRa. CH 4 M/s 1600/per son. jpg Examples: simile, metaphor, hyperbole and personification • An example of a simile would be “fleece as white as snow” • An example of a hyperbole would be “I’ve told you a thousand times”

Free Verse • • • • • • Poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter. Example One“I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loaf and invite my soul, I lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. ” Song of Myself By Walt Whitman (http: //www. types-of-poetry. org. uk/24 -free-verse. htm) Example Two“I buried my father in my heart. Now he grows in me, my strange son, My little root who won’t drink milk, Little pale foot sunk in unheard-of night, Little clock spring newly wet In the fire, little grape, parent to the future Wine, a son the fruit of his own son, Little father I ransom with my life. ” From Little Father Li-Young Lee http: //www. webexhibits. org/poetry/explore_famous_free_examples. html • (http: //wendicthomas. files. wordpress. com/2011/05/drummer-bo y 2. jpg)

Free Verse Example: Running through a field of clover, Stop to pick a daffodil Definition: I play he loves me, loves me not, Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme The daffy lies, it says he does not love me! Well, what use a daffy When Jimmy gives me roses? Example: -- Flora Launa Song of Myself by Walt Whitman I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loaf and invite my soul, I lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. By: Keira Hornyak

Free Verse Definition: n. A verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern Verse whose meter is irregular in some respect or whose rhythm is not metrical Examples: Here I swim, with my friends. They jump around me and flip in the air. I am in Florida. There is lots of different kinds of dolphin’s I am a Bottled nosed dolphin. I slip in the water to find my prey. My predators are sharks and some bigger animals than me that live in the ocean. I see something standing on land that I have seen before. There is a noise coming from there. I keep playing with my friends. As I slyly run down the path all you can see is a quick flash. I have nine cubs in a litter when they're only young. I guide their hunt. Days go by. Now it is their birthday. I don't have to tear meat off the bone.

Free Verse Definition: A form of poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme A verse without a fixed metrical pattern, usually having unrhymed lines of varying length Examples: • I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loaf and invite my soul, lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. -Song of Myself by Walt Whitman The fog comes/ on little cat feet. / It sits looking/ over harbor and city/ on silent haunches/ and then moves on. -Fog by Carl Sandburg • Running through a field of clover, / Stop to pick a daffodil/ I play he loves me, loves me not, / The daffy lies, it says he does not love me!/ Well, what use a daffy / When Jimmy gives me roses? -by Flora Launa •

Hyperbole • Definition: a literary term in which a huge exaggeration occurs • Examples: He was so hungry he could eat an elephant. I was beginning to cook from the heat.

Hyperbole Definition: A deliberate exageration used for effect. Examples: • • “I’m so thirsty that I could drink the whole ocean. ” Saying the person is thirsty. “I could lift a million pounds”. The person is strong.

Iambic Pentameter • Definition: a common • The horse rode around meter in poetry the big field. consisting of an • The dog ate the deer unrhymed line with five with relish. feet or accents, each foot containing an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.

By: Keira Hornyak Iambic Pentameter Definition: Iambic pentameter is a commonly used metrical line in traditional verse and verse drama. The term describes the particular rhythm that the words establish in that line. That rhythm is measured in small groups of syllables; these small groups of syllables are called “feet". The word “iambic" describes the type of foot that is used (in English, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable). The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet. " Examples • da DUM da DUM • When I do count the clock that tells the time • To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells • To swell | the gourd, || and plump | the ha- | zel shells

Imagery By: Sarah Curtis Definition: The formation of mental images, figures, or likenesses of things Ex. 1: The music coursed through us, shaking our bodies as if it came from within us. Ex. 2: The jungle was lush, teeming with life to its very core.

Imagery figurative language, especially metaphors and similes or words addressing the senses, used in poetry, plays, and other literary pieces Example 1. The dessert tastes sweet yet spicy at once, with a tinge of orange taste Example 2. I was as stiff as a wooden plank after running 8 miles for the first time in several months

Irony something said or written that uses humor based on words suggesting the opposite of their literal meaning Verbal Irony: a figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant Situational Irony: an outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected, the difference between what is expected to happen and what actually does Dramatic Irony: irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play.

Irony Definition: • When something is said or done that contradicts what is happening or something that happened in the past • Verbal: When something is said that is sarcastic or doesn’t mean something literally. • Dramatic: When the audience knows what is going to happen but the character does not • Situational: When something happens that is opposite is what has been said is going to happen. Examples: • • A firehouse catches on fire—A fire station normally puts out fires The Importance of Being Earnest- The audience knew who was who

Examples of verbal irony: Well that helped a lot. Nice haircut. Examples of situational irony: The fire department burns down. A lifeguard drowns in the kiddy pool Examples of dramatic irony: Spooky music in horror movies, you know something's coming, but the characters do not. The audience knows the killer is hiding in the closet but the character does not.

Internal Conflict • Internal Conflict-a struggle or conflict which takes place in a character’s mind and through which the character finds a new understanding or change. • Ex. Grendel, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Implied Promise Definition Examples: Promises that are not Use this shampoo made directly but are implied by the images and you’ll look like her on the commercial If you buy this sports car pretty girls will wash it for you in their bathing suits

Metaphor Definition: v a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance vsomething used, or regarded as being used, to represent something else; emblem; symbol. Examples: • The assignment was a breeze. • The desert is a burning furnace.

Metaphor Definition: Examples: • A comparison of two unlike things without the use of like or as. • America is a melting pot • He has a heart of stone • The defense was an impassable wall • That man is a pig

Metaphor Definition: a comparison that does not use ‘like’ or ‘as’ Example: He was a dog because he cheated on his girlfriend. The sun shone brightly, a flashlight in the sky. Example: She was a fish. By: Keira Hornyak

Metaphor • A metaphor is the comparison of two unlike things. Ex. He is a pig. Ex. Thou art sunshine.

Monologue • When a character is • Examples: speaking their thoughts • - Puck’s verses in aloud, directly to William Shakespeare’s A another character or Midsummer Night’s audience. Dream • - Macbeth’s thoughts and feelings in Macbeth when he is thinking of killing the king

Monologue Definition: • A composition in which a single person speaks alone. Examples: • In the movie “Fight Club, ” Edward Norton explains Tyler’s philosophy and the rules of fight club. • In the movie “Men in Black, ” Zed recites the regulations for the Men in Black.

Mood DEFINITION: The atmosphere that pervades a literary work with the intention of evoking a certain emotion or feeling from the audience. In drama, mood may be created by sets and music as well as words; in poetry and prose, mood may be created by a combination of such elements as setting, voice, tone and theme. EXAMPLES: - Edgar Allen Poe has disturbing and horrific moods in his short stories. -Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger has a very brooding and desperate mood. - Jane Austen’s novels have a romantic and hopeful mood.

Narrator Definition: nar·ra·tor/ˈnarātər/Noun – A. A person who narrates something, esp. the events of a novel or narrative poem: "his poetic efforts are mocked by the narrator of the story". – B. A person who delivers a commentary accompanying a movie, broadcast, piece of music, etc Examples: • Morgan Freeman tells many stories and explains many phenomena on science channels making him a narrator. • The narrator of Twilight happens to be Bella Swan as she tells her story about vampires. -Twilight, Stephanie Meyer

Narrator Definition: Examples: a person who tells a story or gives an account of something a person who speaks in accompaniment of a film, television program, novel, etc. • The Harry Potter series is told through a narrator with a third person limited point of view. • To Kill a Mockingbird is told through a narrator with a first person point of view. fanpop. com

Narrator Definition: � narrator (nar-RAY-ter): one who tells a story, the speaker or the “voice” of an oral or written work. Although it can be, the narrator is not usually the same person as the author. The narrator is one of three types of characters in a given work, (1) participant (protagonist or participant in any action that may take place in the story), (2) observer (someone who is indirectly involved in the action of a story), or (3) non participant (one who is not at all involved in any action of the story). The narrator is the direct window into a piece of work. Depending on the part of the character of the narrator plays in the story, the narrator may demonstrate bias when presenting a piece of � Example: The professional actress hired by the Smithsonian Museum was the narrator of the story in the reenactment of the civil rights sit-in. � Example: Brittan was the narrator in her short story The Testament of Youth.

Narrator The narrator is the person who tells the story to the audience. Some examples of a narrator are; March of the Penguins narrated by Morgan Freeman, and A Clockwork Orange by Malcolm Mc. Dole.

Paradox Definition: a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth; • a self-contradictory and false proposition; • any person, thing, or situation exhibiting an apparently contradictory nature. • a seemingly true statment or group of statements that lead to a contradiction or a situation which seems to defy logic or intuition. Examples - Which came first? Chicken or the egg? - Traveling back in time to kill your grandfather before you were born. - The twin paradox (One twin takes a trip into space and on return finds out he has aged less than his identical twin). - The Predestination paradox (traveling back to discover the source of a fire, while in the building where the fire started, you start the fire that inspired you to go back in time).

Onomatopoeia • Definition: The formation of a word by imitation of a sound made by or associated with it’s referent. Examples: • The duck was quacking. • The bee buzzed by my ear. • The cow mooed loudly.

Onomatopoeia • Definition – the use of words that sound like what they mean • Examples Boom! Purr…

Onomatopoeia Definition: Examples: A literary device wherein “crash” the sound of a word “zoom” echoes the sound it “buzz” represents

Paradox • Definition: A contradictory statement that upon closer inspection proves true. • Examples: • Those have ears but hear not • Stone walls do not a prison make, nor iron bars a cage.

Paradox • Definition: A statement • Examples : that appears to "Je ne parle pas Français. " contradict itself. (Bart Simpson, The Simpsons) - Translates to " I do not speak French " , in French. -Stairs go up, but which way is up? http: //rubenganev. files. wordpress. com/2011/ 05/paradox. jpg "War is peace. " "Freedom is slavery. " "Ignorance is strength. " (George Orwell, 1984) - Each statement is being directly related to the other, although they are complete opposites. http: //grammar. about. com/od/pq/g/paradoxterm. htm

Paradox Definition: • a figure of speech in which a statement appears to contradict itself. • something that has the possibility of being true or not true. Examples: • • War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. I must be cruel to be kind. ~ William Shakespeare (Hamlet)

Persuasion Definition: The action or fact of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something • 2 Examples: 1). "In a republican nation, whose citizens are to be led by reason and persuasion and not by force, the art of reasoning becomes of first importance. "(Thomas Jefferson) 2). "Oral delivery aims at persuasion and making the listener believe he has been converted. Few persons are capable of being convinced; the majority allow themselves to be persuaded. " (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) •

Point of View Definition: The point of view is the position of the narrator in relation to the story, as indicated by the narrator’s outlook from which the events are depicted and by the attitude toward the characters. Examples: • • 1 st person singular – When you’re narrating yourself. “I was walking down the street when suddenly…” 3 rd person singular – When an outside person is narrating another person or event. “He was walking down the street when suddenly. . . ”

First Person Point of View Definition: (POV) uses a narrator who refers to him-herself as “I. ” Often, a first-person narrator is limited to his or her own experiences and thoughts who must assume the feelings, thoughts, or reactions of other characters, so firstperson narrators may be unreliable or naive. Examples: Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories To Kill A Mocking Bird by Harper Lee What Life Means To Me by Jack London

3 rd Person Omniscent • 3 rd person point of view • Mc. Cullough, The Thornbirds in which the narrator knows the thoughts and • Mitchell, Gone with the Wind feelings of all of the characters in the story • Moby Dick by Herman Melville

rd 3 Person Limited Definition: (POV) The third-person limited is a narrative mode in which the reader experiences the story through the senses and thoughts of just one character. This is almost always the main character the narrator cannot tell the reader things that the focal character does not know— but the text is written in the third person. Examples: Card, Ender’s Game Harry Potter Series by J. K. Rowling Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

Protagonist • The leading character or a major character in a work of literature • Batman, the protagonist in the Batman movies, saved many from the Joker. • The protagonist in the book saved everyone from impending doom.

Protagonist Examples: Definition~ The main character who is usually ~ Harry Potter a hero or heroine. ~ Superman http: //www. google. com/imgres? imgurl=http: //w ww. superherostuff. com/blog/images/supermanstanding. gif&imgrefurl=http: //

Protagonist Definition: Examples: • “the leading • character, hero, or heroine of a • • drama or other literary work. ” – dictionary. com Harry Potter is the protagonist of the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling In Sherlock Holmes and the Hound of the Baskervilles, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Dr. Watson is the protagonist. The protagonist of the play “Hamlet” is Hamlet The protagonist of the book Grendel by John Gardner is not a hero, but the monster Grendel http: //www. allthetests. com/fanquizzes-tests-Harry. Potter. php? katb=1422

Protagonist DEFINITION: the leading character, hero, or heroine of a drama or other literary work. EXAMPLES: -Sherlock Holmes from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories -Harry Potter in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling -Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Refrain • Definition: A phrase or verse reoccurring at intervals within a poem or song. -Stanzas two and four are refrains http: //singbookswithemily. files. wordp ress. com/2010/10/waltzing-matildarefrain-for-book. jpg • Examples: - From 'Lay the Bent to the Bonny Broom' by Pentangle There lived a lady by the North Sea shore, Lay the bent to the bonny broom* Two daughters were the babes she bore. Fa la la. * As one grew bright as is the sun, Lay the bent to the bonny broom * So coal black grew the other one. Fa la la. * *This contains a refrain midverse http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Refrain http: //dictionary. reference. com/browse/refr ain

Refrain Definition: • A repeated line or number of lines in a poem or song, typically at the end of each verse/ chorus Examples: • • • • “Cause baby you're a firework Come on show 'em what you're worth Make 'em go "Oh, oh!" As you shoot across the sky-y-y Baby you're a firework Come on let your colors burst Make 'em go "Oh, oh!" You're gunna leave 'em fallin' down-own” Firework by Katy Perry “There you go making my heart beat again, Heart beat again There you go making me feel like a kid Won't you do it and do it one time? There you go pulling me right back in, Right back in And I know-oo I'm never letting this go-ooo” Stuck Like Glue by Sugarland

Refrain • Definition: A phrase or verse repeated in intervals throughout a song or poem. • Each example below is repeated in their respective song or poem. • “Hey soul sister, ain't that mister on the radio, stereo; The way you move ain't fair you know; Hey soul sister, I don't wanna miss a single thing you do; tonight!”- “Hey Soul Sister” by Train • “Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. “”- “The Raven” by Edgar Allen Poe

RHYTHM EXAMPLES: DEFINITION: Ø The pattern of beats usually used in music and poetry Ø The movement of a recurring beat in something Ø Rhythm is the alteration of stressed and unstressed syllables Ø Roses are red, Violets are blue this is an example of rhythm because of how you would say it, its kind of sing-songy ØIn music, the rhythm makes the song sound the way it does, with its stressed and unstressed syllables ØPitch, speech and many other things make up how we hear things, which is also rhythm if you scream or something of the sort, it is pitch, which makes up rhythm. Dictionary. com

Rhythm • Definition: • Example: Iambic pentameter; a recognizable pulse, or “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, "recurrence, " which So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. ” – William Shakespeare – Sonnet 118 gives a distinct beat to a line and also gives it a shape.

rhythm • Rhythm-is a recognizable pulse, or "recurrence, " which gives a distinct beat to a line and also gives it a shape. • Ex: Rain before seven; Clear by eleven. A sunshiny shower Won't last an hour. • .

Satire Definition: Examples: • the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly, etc. • • The Daily Show with Jon Stewart constantly makes fun of politicians. Stephen Colbert also constantly satires politics and other people in popular culture.

Satire • Satire- A literary work • Ex. “Not Another Teen that emphasizes Movie” peoples foolishness and • Ex. “My Man Godfrey” stupidity by using sarcasm.

Situational Irony • Situational irony (also called cosmic irony) is a trope in which accidental events occur that seem oddly appropriate, such as the poetic justice of a pickpocket getting his own pocket picked. However, both the victim and the audience are simultaneously aware of the situation in situational irony. Examples: • A couple appears in court to finalize a divorce, but during the proceeding, they remarry instead • You buy yourself something after months of saving and then someone gets it for you for Christmas!

Situational Irony • Situational irony (also called cosmic irony) is a trope in which accidental events occur that seem oddly appropriate, such as the poetic justice of a pickpocket getting his own pocket picked. However, both the victim and the audience are simultaneously aware of the situation in situational irony. Examples: • A couple appears in court to finalize a divorce, but during the proceeding, they remarry instead • You buy yourself something after months of saving and then someone gets it for you for Christmas!

SITUATIONAL IRONY Definition: A type of irony emphasizing that human beings are enmeshed in forces beyond their comprehension and control Ex. 1: You and your friend are walking down a road when you reach a dead end sign, behind the sign is a cemetery. Ex. 2: Your walking along a boardwalk and you see a no seagulls sign, on top of the sign sits a seagull.

soliloquy • Soliloquy- times in a poem when the main character in the poem speaks about a deep topic when alone • EX: “To be, or not to be, that is the question“ Act 3, scene 1 of Shakespeare's "Hamlet“. ”o Romeo, o Romeo wherefore art thou Romeo” act 2 scene 2

Soliloquy • Definition: A speech in which a character who is alone speaks his or her thoughts aloud. • Example: • “Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heatoppressed brain? ” – Macbeth Act 2, Scene 2

Speaker Definition: • a. One who speaks. • b. A spokesperson. • c. One who delivers a public speech. Examples: • The Speaker of the House is a vocal speaker who delivers speeches on the state of the nation. • The President of The United States when he gives the State of the Union.

Speaker Is someone in a story who talks in first person or one who give a speech or a lecture. Some examples are Martin Luther King Jr. in his speech, or Nelson Mandela in his speech.

Speaker Definition: Examples: • In Frankenstein, speaker shifts The person who is between Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and Frankenstein’s (assumed to be) talking. monster. tvtropes. org

Speaker • Definition: – The narrative or elegiac voice in a poem or story that speaks of his or her situation or feelings. – A person who delivers a speech or lecture � Examples: Each night representatives are shown on C-Span. . The speaker in the poem “Uphill” is the author Christina Rossetti

Static Characters • A static character is one that stays the same throughout a story • Tom from “Tom and Jerry” always tries to catch the mouse but never seems to learn • If you ever saw “The Princess Bride” Inigo Montoya is a static character

Syntax • Definition: Examples: v the study of the rules for the • "Colorless green ideas sleep formation of grammatical sentences furiously. " in a language. (Linguist Noam Chomsky created this v the study of the patterns of sentence--which is grammatically correct but incomprehensible--to formation of sentences and phrases demonstrate that the rules governing from words. syntax are distinct from the meanings v a system or orderly arrangement words convey. ) v The arrangement of words in a • Now it’s not interesting to talk when we sentence know that the conversation’s being • recorded. Don’t you be having no more of ’em bagels now, son.

SYNTAX- (noun) the order of words in a sentence Examples. If I pay attention in school and learn the principles of grammar I will be able to use proper syntax. Thank you, sir. OR Sir, Thank You

Theme Definition: • The theme is usually described as being the dominant or unifying idea in a story or work of art. Examples: • • Romeo and Juliet “Love conquers all” would theme. Macbeth “Evil never Triumphs” would be the main theme of that story.

Tone • Tone is a reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject of a poem, story, or other literary work. • Ex. 1. Holden Caulfield has an undeniable tone in Catcher in the Rye. He is sarcastic, tough, and inquisitive. He also makes poignant observations through his rather biting tone. 2. Voldemort, in the Harry Potter series, constantly has a dark and threatening tone. http: //www. cartoonstock. com/ne wscartoons/cartoonists/bst/lowr es/bstn 432 l. jpg

Tone The writer's attitude toward the material and/or readers. Tone may be playful, formal, intimate, angry, serious, ironic, outraged, baffled, tender, serene, depressed, etc. Examples: • “All morons hate it when you call them a moron. ” The tone in this sentence could be described as sarcastic. • “Get to bed. Now. ” The tone in this sentence would be serious.

TONE Definition: Tone is the attitude a writer takes towards a subject or character: serious, humorous, sarcastic, ironic, satirical, tongue-in -cheek, solemn, objective. Examples: - "The course of true love never did run smooth. " –A Midsummer Night’s Dream: In a different context, this quotation could be full of woe and misery. However, although Lysander is making comments about troubles with love, ultimately the reality is that the words are spoken by a comic character highlighting that the play is sure to be full of perplexing yet light trials of love. - "Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world. " Frankenstein: Victor speaks these words at the very beginning of the novel, setting an ominous mood for the rest of the tale.

Tone • The author’s attitude towards the audience • Optimism, Anger, Hatred, Pessimism, Happiness • The author’s “voice”

Tragic Flaw • Definition: – The character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall. • Example: – Hamlet’s tragic flaw is his indecisiveness which leads to his death. – Romeo’s friends’ aggressiveness led to tension between families.

Tragic Flaw -noun Definition: The character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall. Although the murder of the man led to his tragic flaw, he was still a hero nonetheless.

Tragic Flaw • The character defect that causes the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy. • Examples: Macbeth, Hamlet

Tragic Flaw Definition: Examples: a weakness in a character that • In the Tortoise and the Hare, the eventually leads to his or Hare’s overconfidence leads him her downfall to losing the race. • Oedipus’s lack of knowledge of his adoption leads him to killing him father and marrying his mother

Tragic Flaw • Definition: –noun Literature. the character defect that causes the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy • • Examples: Shakespeare's Hamlet---Hamlet's tragic flaw is his indecisiveness and it leads to his downfall. • Family Guy--- Peter Griffin is extremely impulsive and causes many problems for his family and friends • Philip J. Fry has a severe lack of intelligence which causes many problems for him and his friends: Futurama.

Tragic Flaw Definition: • –noun • the character defect that causes the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy; hamartia. Examples: • • Macbeth Hamlet Romeo Juliet

Tragic Flaw • Definition: –noun Literature. the character defect that causes the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy • • Examples: Shakespeare's Hamlet---Hamlet's tragic flaw is his indecisiveness and it leads to his downfall. • Family Guy--- Peter Griffin is extremely impulsive and causes many problems for his family and friends • Philip J. Fry has a severe lack of intelligence which causes many problems for him and his friends: Futurama.

Verbal Irony • Verbal irony (also called sarcasm) is a trope in which a speaker makes a statement in which its actual meaning differs sharply from the meaning that the words ostensibly express. Often this sort of irony is plainly sarcastic in the eyes of the reader, but the characters listening in the story may not realize the speaker's sarcasm as quickly as the readers do. Examples: • Dad is finally out of patience with picking up after his son, who can't seem to be trained to put his dirty clothes in the hamper instead of letting them drop wherever he happens to be when he takes them off. "Would Milord please let me know when it pleases him to have his humble servant pick up after him? “ • Mother comes into the TV room and discovers her 11 -year-old watching South Park instead of doing his homework, as he was set to a dozen minutes ago. Pointing to the screen she says, "Don't let me tempt you from your duties, kiddo, but when you're finished with your serious studies there, maybe we could take some time out for recreation and do a little math. "

Verbal Irony Definition: When a character means to say one thing but it's heard by others as something different. Ex. 1: You call your mom to pick you up from school however you come out several minutes late, your mom says, “Well please let me know what time your humble servant should be here next time” Ex. 2: You’ve had a bad day and when you get home your brother comes up and says, “Your dog died”, after hearing this comment you simply say “Oh great!”

Examples. • Memories • Dreams • Stories of the past told by characters • In the Harry Potter series flashbacks are used as Harry often looks back to his tragic baby years.

Examples. • In the fairytale “Little • Foreshadowing is Red Riding Hood”, Little represented in a Red Riding Hood’s suspense novel when a mother warns her to character says, “You behave herself on the must never go through way to grandmother’s that door”. The reader and stay on the path. can infer that the main This foreshadows character will venture danger, more to open the door in the specifically danger of future. the wolf.

Definition: 1) Of, relating to, or belonging to the period of the reign of Queen Victoria 2) Relating to or displaying the standard or ideals of morality regarded as characteristic of the time of Queen Victorian Era Examples: 1) The house down the street has a Victorian style to it, being built in 1893 and having a castle like appearance. 2) The woman at in the play had an intricately designed dress that reminded me of the Victorian Era

Victorian Era • A period of history in Britain from 1837 -1901, describing the reign of Queen Victoria. • Charles Darwin published his book, The Origin of Species, during the Victorian Era. • During the Victorian Era, Britain experienced a time of great imperialism.

Victorian Era Literature Definition: The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. Transition between the writers of the romantic era to the literature of the 20 th century The novel became the leading form of literature Examples: Dickens the author of the novel The Pickwick Players (his first novel and a big success) William Thackeray author of the novel Vanity Affair. (which is his most famous and in the Victorian era was popular in the genre of historic novel) Victorian literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. " Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 May 2011. <http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Victorian_Literature Queen Victoria

Victorian Era Simple Definition: The Victorian era in England was the period of queen Victoria's reign. It lasted from 1837 to 1901. Example: Charles Dickens and his masterpiece, Vanity Fair. Example: The Importance of Being Ernest was written by Oscar Wilde during the Victorian Era.

Victorian Era Definition: Examples: • The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. [1] It was a long period of prosperity for the British people. • • Charles Dickens is a prime exemplar of Victorian novelist. William Thackeray was Dickens's great rival at the time