Early Civilizations in East and Southeast Asia Chapter

Early Civilizations in East and Southeast Asia Chapter 12

The Tang and Song Dynasties • Europe very divided – fragmented into feudal kingdoms • Unity restored China

Two major dynasties in China TANG DYNASTY • Restores unity in China • Uniform system of government • Land distributed to peasants – land reform • Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea become tributary states • Self-governing, but under Chinese control SONG DYNASTY • China’s wealth and culture dominated • Well-ordered society • New tools for peasants; self-sufficient • Grand Canal – shipping goods to the north • Foreign trade flourished • Threat of invaders – especially Mongols

Tang Dynasty • China was divided for 400 years • 618 – Emergence of Tang under Li Yuan • Li Shimin (Tang Taizong) becomes most admired emperor • Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea become tributary states

Tang Dynasty • Female empress Wu Zhao – uniform government of China • Land reform – broke up pieces of land to distribute to peasants • Decline due to lost territories to Central Asia and Arab countries • Corruption, high taxes, drought, famine, war

Song Dynasty • 960– founded by Zhao Kuangyin • Song ruled 319 years • Great achievements and wealth

Chinese Ordered Society • Gentry value education – wealthy landowning class • Peasants work land • Could move up in society • Slavery was limited • Merchants = lowest class • Riches came from others • Status of women higher than later years • Dowries, foot binding, and more!

The Mongol and Ming Empires • Focus Question: • What are the effects of the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Ming dynasty on China?

Diverse Cultures in Southeast Asia • Geographically separated into two main groups by mountains • Trade routes determined by monsoons

Mongol Empire

The Mongols • Nomadic people • Steppes- vast, treeless plains • Invaded China • Led by Mongol chieftan, Ghengis Khan • Attacked China’s walled cities with cannons and new weapons

Genghis Khan & His Successors • Tolerant leader – as long as he had loyalty • Established peace and order – Pax Mongolica • Cultural exchanges and economic growth

Kublai Khan • Defeated last Song emperor in 1279 • A feat his grandfather could not do • Genghis Khan’s grandson • Did not want Mongols to be absorbed into Chinese civilization

Empire Under Kublai Khan (Mongols) • Only Mongols could serve in military • Highest gov’t jobs could only be served by Mongols • Mix of Chinese and foreign cultures developed • Yuan Dynasty • Welcomed foreigners into his court • Stabilized China • Increased trade

Life in China After Mongols • Kublai Khan dies in 1294 • Marco Polo (Italian explorer) writes about splendor and wealth of China • Outside contact continues – trade • Most Chinese resented the Mongols

The Ming Dynasty • Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang – peasant leader of rebel army – 1368 • Goal: Restore Chinese greatness

Ming Dynasty…con’t • Restore Civil Service System • Economic growth • Chinese culture flourishes • • Painting Poetry Porcelain Novels – early fiction

Zheng He • 1405 – commands first Chinese overseas exploration • Promoted trade • 1435 – Zheng He dies – exploration stops

Korea & its traditions • Table Jigsaw: pg. 386 #2 -5 • Each person narrows their reading focus to one question. • Share answers & have one set per table to share for group discussion.

Japan and the Feudal Age

Geography • Archipelago – chain of islands • 4/5 of land is mountains – people live in river valleys • Too far away for China to conquer; close enough to learn from • Seas = trade routes and FISHING

Forces of Nature • Feared and respected • Ring of Fire – chain of volcanoes • Subject to earthquakes causing tidal waves (tsunamis)

Early Traditions • Divided into clans – each with a chief and god or goddess • 500 – Yamato clan set up the first and only dynasty • Descent from Sun god • Shinto – worship of forces of nature • Korean influence

Chinese Influence • Selective borrowing – kept some Chinese ways, but discarded others • Kana – phonetic symbols representing syllables

Feudal Warfare – 1400 s • Local warlords formed armies to pledge loyalty to them rather than government • Samurai – “those who serve” • Bushido – “way of the warrior” • Honor, bravery, absolute loyalty

Feudalism • Role of women declines • Inheritance limited to sons • Samurai code did not include chivalry • Peasants = backbone of society • Merchants were the lowest class • Gained their wealth from others • Status will improve • Typhoons kept Japan from Mongol invasion

Tokugawa Shogunate • Imposed central government to end feudal warfare • Ruled Japan until 1868 • Created unified, orderly society • Forced daimyo (lords) to live at the capital every other year • Flourishing economy

Zen Buddhism • Zen – Buddhist sect from China • Emphasized self -reliance, meditation, and devotion to duty

Korea • Influenced by China, but kept distinct culture • Location plays huge role • Silla dynasty unites smaller states • Koryo dynasty brings about present-day Korea • 1590 s – Japan invades • Brought many Korean influences to Japan

Section 5: Diverse Cultures of Southeast Asia

Geography • Mainland Southeast Asia • Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia • Island Southeast Asia • Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, 20, 000+ islands

Geography…. con’t • Mainland separated from Asia by mountains • Trade Routes • Shaped by monsoons (seasonal winds) • Linked India, SE Asia, and China to East Africa and the Middle East

Early Traditions • Developed own culture before outside influences arrived • Diverse ethnic groups in isolated villages • Many languages • Nuclear families • Women had more equality

Indian Influence • Indian culture spreads: merchants settled into port cities • Reaches peak between 500 -1000 • Trade brings prosperity = SPICES • Indians bring Islam • Today, Indonesia has the largest Muslim population

Vietnam • Chinese domination • Governmental ideas are adopted • Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism shaped society • Preserved identity • 939 – broke free from Chinese rule

Chapter 12 Review • Page 404 • #1 -15, 17