Discharges to the sea Chemicals Name Date Discharges

Discharges to the sea Chemicals Name – Date

Discharges to the sea - Chemicals Contents 1. Introduction 2. Hazardous and Noxious Substances 3. Fate and behavior in the environment 4. Judging the effects 5. Role of shipping 6. Solutions 2 Photo credits: WOCB/Green Award Foundation

1. Introduction § § Chemicals are everywhere, naturally or manmade Chemicals are transported by ship, in bulk and in packaged form Photo credits: WOCB

Top 10 chemicals transported by ships Volumes of chemicals transported are increasing, but remain significantly lower than seaborne trade in oil Illustration credits: ITOPF

§ Chemicals can be beneficial, but some are created to cause harm During transport, chemicals may enter the marine environment § Knowledge about emissions and effects limited § Photo credits: www. beeldbankvenw. nl, Rijkswaterstaat

io x o N 2. Hazardous and Noxious substances es c n ta s s e c n a t s b b u s s u u o ard z s a H s u Da Har mfu ng er l su • • • ou ss bst ub sta nc anc es es Physical hazards (e. g. explosive) Health hazards Environmental hazards

3. Fate and behavior in the environment • Evaporators • Floaters • Dissolvers • Sinkers Illustration credits: ITOPF - Photo credits: WOCB

Bioaccumulation can significantly increase the negative effect of a toxic compound. (biomagnification) 8 Illustration credits: Pro. Sea

Bioaccumulation protein fat water Bio. Accumulation. Factor = 7 9 Illustration credits: NIOZ Cees Booij

Accumulation in marine mammals Excretion plankton Ingestion fish marinemammal 10 Illustration credits: NIOZ Cees Booij

4. Judging the effects The effects of a chemical depend on: § § § § the amount spilled the site of the spillage the physical properties the toxicity of the chemical the sensitivity of organisms / individuals the bioaccumulation factor degredation rate (persistence) Photo credits: QNR Terry Ross

Effects - Toxic effects on marine life Human health effects Economic effects (fisheries, tourism) Photo credits: Ecomare / NOAA Fisheries

Toxicity dose acute chronic effect time disorder/nausea coma death shorter life span reduced reproduction success cancer 13

Measuring acute toxicity 0% 25 % Low concentration Test: fish, shellfish, algae 50 % 75 % 100 % High concentration - NOEC - Acute Toxicity LC 50 Illustration credits: Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NIOZ, Cees Booij

TBT: one of the most toxic chemicals ever deliberately released in the marine environment - Acute and chronic toxic effects Highly persistent Bioaccumulating Illustration credits: unknown

5. The role of shipping § § § Loss of containers Accidental chemical spills (occur much less than oil spills) Operational discharges Photo credits: WOCB

6. Solutions Regulations MARPOL Annex II: Noxious liquid bulk chemicals Annex III: Harmful substances in packaged form § § Compound (category, amount, concentration) Location (water depth, distance from coast) Ship (speed, year of construction) Book keeping

A 1 Bioaccumulation A 2 Biodegradation 4 NR 4 4 B 1 Acute Toxicity B 2 Chronic Toxicity D 3 Health Effects E 2 Wildlife, Habitats 5 X 4 X NR CMRTNI X 4 Y 3 Y 2 Y NR Not 0 Y 1 Y Fp, F, S CMRTNI R 0 0 Y Y everything not X, Y, or OS 2 Category Z - not Fp, F, S OS Photo credits: Pro. Sea

Technical solutions such as efficient stripping Photo credits: Mar. Flex BV