Black Sea MACEDONIA Troy Aegean Sea ASIA MINOR

Black Sea MACEDONIA • Troy Aegean Sea ASIA MINOR (Anatolia) MAINLAND IONIA Greek colonies Ionian Sea • Athens Mycenae. PELOPONNESUS CYCLADES • Sparta Mediterranean Sea CRETE

The people of Greece do not call their country Greece ! nor do they call themselves Greeks ! In their language their land is called In their language they are the ‘ ‘ S (Hellas) OS (Hellenes)

Model of the sanctuary of Olympia. The Olympics began in 776 B. C. Originally part of a religious festival dedicated to the ancient Greek god Zeus. Wars between the city-states were suspended so that athletes could compete. The ancient Olympics were a total entertainment package for all who attended where five days of sometimes brutal sports competition mixed with wild partying. The ancient games ended in 394 A. D. The new Christian Roman emperor Theodosius banned all pagan festivals. Christians were oppossed to the Olympic Games – a celebration of the human body, men covered in olive oil running around naked, drinking, fornicating, the whole bit. The end came as an incredible shock to the psyche of the ancient Greeks. They had assumed quite logically that the games would go on forever – a time every four years when men put their differences aside and came together in the fraternity of athletic competition.

Linking the past…. Little is ever mentioned about the many, many attempts of the Greeks to revive the Olympic Games, long before the birth of the Baron de Coubertin. Yet, it is Coubertin who is given credit. Coubertin was a French aristocrat who was only seven years old when France was overrun by the Germans during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Coubertin attributed the defeat of France not to its military skills but rather to the French soldiers lack of “vigor. ” Coubertin decided it was exercise, more specifically sports, that made a well-rounded and vigorous person. And so he began his crusade to revive the games. Many people truly contributed to the realization of the new Olympic Games. Baron Pierre de Coubertin The 19 th century structure of the worlds new national states was ideal now for the gradual acceptance of the Olympic Idea - a new “national” framework would replace the man who inspired the revival of the Olympic Games. the old Greek “city-state” competition. The Olympics are revived in 1896. Finally, in 1896, the 1 st International Olympic Games took place in Athens. A wealthy Greek architect, Georgios Averoff, donated one million drachmas (over $100, 000) to restore the Panathenaic Stadium, originally built in 330 BCE with white marble for the new 1896 Olympic Games. There were 14 nations, with the largest delegations coming from Greece, Germany, France and Great Britain. On 6 April 1896, the American James Connolly won the triple jump to become the first Olympic champion in more than 1, 500 years! Commemorative medal of the 1896 Olympic Games

ARCHITECTURE SCIENCES SCULPTURE p PHILOSOPHY U. S. Supreme Court Building The Legacy of THE GREEKS to Western Civilization THEATER DEMOCRACY U. S. Constitution

Let’s begin our first Objective by examining the effect geography had on the development of ancient Greece. Black Sea MACEDONIA • Troy Aegean Sea ASIA MINOR (Anatolia) MAINLAND Ionian Sea Marathon . IONIA Greek colonies • Athens Mycenae. PELOPONNESUS CYCLADES • Sparta Mediterranean Sea CRETE

CAUSE 1. A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s History and Culture Location “around a sea” EFFECT Provided transportation links for the various regions of Greece. Connected Greece to other societies / civilizations through trade. Cruising around the coastlines of Greece today. Greek fishermen.

CAUSE 1. 2. A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s History and Culture EFFECT Location “around a sea” Provided transportation links for the various regions of Greece. Connected Greece to other societies / civilizations through trade. Rugged mountains Made unification of Greek city-states difficult. Therefore, Greek city-states would be proudly independent, competitive, isolated societies. Made land transportation difficult. The ruins of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi Greece.

CAUSE A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s History and Culture EFFECT Location “around a sea” Provided transportation links for the various regions of Greece. Connected Greece to other societies / civilizations through trade. 2. Rugged mountains Made unification of Greek city-states difficult. Therefore, Greek city-states would be proudly independent, competitive, isolated societies. Made land transportation difficult. 3. Little fertile farmland 1. Only 20% was arable (suitable for farming). Resulted in small population whose diet was mainly grains, grapes, olives. Also, led to the need for colonies. Picking and Pressing Olives

3. Little fertile farmland… …led the Greeks to send their people out to colonize elsewhere. Black Sea MACEDONIA • Troy Aegean Sea ASIA MINOR (Anatolia) MAINLAND IONIA Greek colonies Ionian Sea • Athens Mycenae. PELOPONNESUS CYCLADES • Sparta Mediterranean Sea CRETE

CAUSE 1. A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s History and Culture Location “around a sea” 2. Rugged mountains 3. Little fertile farmland 4. Moderate climate Greece has a beautiful, moderate climate. A constant 80 degrees Farenheit throughout the summer makes it a holiday destination for Europeans and international travelers even today! EFFECT Provided transportation links for the various regions of Greece. Connected Greece to other societies / civilizations through trade. Made unification of Greek city-states difficult. Therefore, Greek city-states would be proudly independent, competitive, isolated societies. Made land transportation difficult. Only 20% was arable (suitable for farming). Resulted in small population whose diet based on grains, grapes, olives. Also, led to the need for colonies. Greek life was centered around the outdoors – taking part in an active civic life in city marketplaces, open-air Temples and gymnasiums.

-The Mycenaeans were part of the Indo-European migrations - settled on Greek mainland ca. 2, 000 B. C. - Their leading city, Mycenae. - Invaded Crete and finished off the Minoans. - From the Minoans they learned the importance of becoming sea-borne traders. - May have been the terrifying “sea peoples”? mentioned in Egyptian records. - Preserved and assimilated elements of Minoan culture into their own. Mycenaean port

CAUSE 5. A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s History and Culture Mycenaean invasions EFFECT Mycenaeans adopted and spread Minoan culture through Greece, including legends that would form the core of Greek religion, politics, and literature / myths. The Minoans on Crete designed mosaics of seashells and painted beautiful frescoes on Theseus slaying the Minotaur the walls of their homes depicting their is an example of a Greek myth that daily life as well as myths about their gods. originated with the Minoans on Crete. The Mycenaeans invaded the Minoans and adopted their same religious myths !

Was there really a Trojan War ? - For many years it was thought the legends found in Homer’s epic, the Illiad, were fictional. - In 1870, archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann believes he discovered the site. - Troy appears to have been destroyed around 1200 B. C. by a war the city lost. << Because Paris stole Helen? - It is believed today the war’s cause was: Troy and the Mycenaeans were competing for a crucial waterway connecting the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. The Trojan Horse story is still loved today and coined the familiar saying, “Beware of Greeks bearing gifts. ” The hilltop excavation of Troy in today’s northwestern Turkey.

Troy and the Mycenaeans were competing for a crucial waterway connecting the Mediterranean to the Black Sea MACEDONIA Dardanelles Strait • Troy Aegean Sea ASIA MINOR (Anatolia) MAINLAND IONIA Greek colonies Ionian Sea • Athens Myceneane. PELOPONNESUS CYCLADES • Sparta Mediterranean Sea CRETE

For all practical purposes, Western literature begins with the Iliad. We still use expressions like “Achilles’ heel, ” “Trojan horse, ” or “the face that launched a thousand ships, ” all with roots in the Iliad or the mythic cycle on which it is based, nearly 3, 000 years after the poem was written. And, at least in terms of the number of copies to survive from antiquity, the poems of Homer are second only to the Bible in popularity. “Iliad” means “the story of Ilion, ” the Greek name for Troy. The epic poem has much more to say about Achilles and Hector than it does about Troy. As the first word of the Greek text suggests (“Rage! Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus’s son Achilles”), this poem has a lot to do with anger that can consume and cripple an individual. Honor, glory, and fate are also themes of this great work of Western literature. Appreciating Classic Literature “Rage! Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus’s son… Achilles”

CAUSE A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s History and Culture 5. Mycenaean invasions 6. The Trojan War EFFECT Mycenaeans adopted and spread Minoan culture through Greece, including legends that would form the core of Greek religion, politics, and literature / myths. The war’s story provided the basis for Greek legends and Homer’s epics (Illiad and the Odyssey). The war may have contributed to the collapse of Mycenaean civilization.

CAUSE A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s History and Culture 5. Mycenaean invasions 6. The Trojan War 7. Collapse of Mycenaean civilization EFFECT Mycenaeans adopted and spread Minoan culture through Greece, including legends that would form the core of Greek religion, politics, and literature / myths. The war’s story provided the basis for Greek legends and Homer’s epics (Illiad and the Odyssey). The war may have contributed to the collapse of Mycenaean civilization. Led to Greece’s Dark Ages – a decline in economy, trade, and even writing. A period we know little about since no written records were kept. The Dorians - Distant relatives of the Bronze-Age Greeks - Were they taking revenge on the Indo-European Mycenaeans for invading their land centuries earlier? -Spoke a dialect of Greek, but were far less advanced than the Mycenaeans. -Greeks appear to forget the art of writing – This is the Greek Dark Ages – no written records for 400 years (1150 -750 B. C. )

B. Explain the significance of the epics of Homer and myths in ancient Greek culture. • During the Greek’s Dark Ages, the story of the Trojan War was passed on through the spoken word (oral tradition). • According to Greek tradition, their greatest storyteller was a blind man named Homer. • Homer’s two greatest epic poems are the Iliad and the Odyssey, both dealing with the Trojan War and are believed to have been written around 750 -700 B. C. Epics are long, narrative poems that celebrate heroic deeds. • The heroes of the Iliad are warriors: the fierce Greek, Achilles, and the courageous and noble Hector of Troy. • The Iliad gives us a good example of the Greek idea of arête, meaning virtue and excellence. A Greek could display this ideal on the battlefield, in combat, in political life, or in athletic contest. • The Odyssey concerns the adventures of Odysseus on his return home from defeating the Trojans.

• • After the fall of the Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations, Greek culture regressed for 300 years into a period of Dark Ages. The invading Dorians were illiterate. Cities were destroyed and plundered. • • • Eventually cities began to grow again. These cities were walled for protection. Each city-state was independent of each other. I. VOCABULARY A. polis – the Greek city-state It was a “political unit, ” and included the central city and surrounding countryside (which could include numerous villages as well).

The city state, or polis, was the dominant governmental structure of Ancient Greece. Describe: 1. The polis was small in size. Athens was the largest, yet at its height had only 40, 000 people. 2. Each polis had an acropolis – a high point, where the governmental and religious buildings were constructed. 3. The market-place, or agora, was the meeting-place for most of the people and was the economic center of the polis. 4. The surrounding farmland supported the large population inside the walled cities. I. Study the photo: What natural feature can you detect that made the old city-state of Athens easy to defend? VOCABULARY A. polis – the Greek city-state B. acropolis – high point of It was a “political unit, ” the polis, usually a and included the central city fortified hilltop, where and civic buildings were surrounding countryside located. (which could include C. agora – the marketplace numerous villages as well). and economic center of An aerial view today of the polis. the acropolis in Athens, Greece.

EARLY LACK OF UNITY AMONG THE GREEK CITY-STATES Explain why: • Separated by barriers of sea and mountains, • by local pride and jealousy, The independent city states never considered uniting their independent Greek-speaking city-states into one single political unit. They formed alliances only when some other powerful city-state embarked on conquest and attempted to dominate over the rest. LATER GREEKS WILL BECOME UNITED Explain what influences led to eventual unity: • a common language, • common religion, • common literature, • similar customs, • the religious festivals, • the Olympic Games But even in times of foreign invasion it was difficult to induce the cities to act together. I. VOCABULARY A. polis – the Greek city-state B. acropolis – high point of It was a “political unit, ” the polis, usually a and included the central city fortified hilltop, where and civic buildings were surrounding countryside located. (which could include C. agora – the marketplace numerous villages as well). and economic center of the polis.

TYPES of GOVERNMENT MONARCHY • A state / nation ruled by a king or queen. • Rule is usually passed on in hereditary fashion. • Some rulers in early times claimed “Divine right” • Mycenae had a monarchy (ca. 1450 B. C. ) ARISTOCRACY • State ruled by nobility (the land-owning families) • Rule is hereditary / based on land-ownership • Social status / wealth support ruler’s authority • Athens had an aristocracy in its early history (594 B. C. ) OLIGARCHY • State ruled by a small group of elite citizens • Rule is based on wealth • The ruling elite group controls the military • Sparta had an oligarchy (800 -600 B. C. )

THE IRON AGE BRINGS CHANGE Iron, harder than bronze, but more importantly, cheaper! This meant ordinary citizens could now arm themselves. Citizen-soldiers – composed of merchants, artisans, small landowners were now expected to defend the polis. Hoplites – foot soldiers stood side-by-side, holding a spear in one hand, shield in the other formed the Phalanx – a fearsome battlefield formation of hoplite soldiers, The most powerful fighting force in the Ancient World. The phalanx formation called for each man to trust his neighboring infantryman, often times a relative, friend, or lover. With a shield in his left hand a spear in his right, each man depended on his fellow hoplite's shield for full body coverage. Battles were won and lost depending on the phalanx's ability to hold its formation. Lined shoulder to shoulder with approximately sixty-five pounds of armor, limited vision and hearing, a hoplite's crucial duties required little tactical skill, only to push forward and keep the line together. Outstanding valor rose from a man's ability to keep his nerve amidst such confusion and brutality. In such a scene, the outcome of the battle rested on fellow soldiers’ love and trust for one another.

When no wars among city-states were being fought, the armed and powerful citizen-soldiers could become troublesome for city-state rulers. Unemployed farmers and debt-ridden artisans often joined in revolts against the nobility. In such times arose leaders called tyrants – powerful individuals who gained control by appealing to the poor and discontented for support.

As we have seen, the Greek city-states had various types of government – monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, and even tyranny (rule by tyrants). But the two most powerful city-states would find completely new ways to govern themselves. Sparta would build a strict Military State and Athens would create the world’s first Limited Democracy! Ionian Sea IONIA Greek colonies MAINLAND • Athens PELOPONNESUS • Sparta Mediterranean Sea

A. Recognizing Facts and Details 725 B. C. Sparta conquers Messenia The Peloponnesus region 1. How did the Spartans treat the Messenians? Made them helots – peasants forced to work the Spartan land – had to turn over ½ of all crops to the Spartans. When the Spartans realized they needed more arable land they looked to the southwest to the more fertile soil of Messenia. Helots were Messenians who the Spartans had conquered and brought back to Sparta to do their work, treated like slaves, forced to be tied for generations to a Spartan nobleman’s lands. Messenia. • Sparta They worked the land around Sparta in order for the Spartan males to focus on their superior military training.

A. Recognizing Facts and Details 725 B. C. Sparta conquers Messenia 1. How did the Spartans treat the Messenians? Made them helots – peasants forced to work the Spartan land – had to turn over ½ of all crops to the Spartans. 2. 600 B. C. Spartans put down a revolt by Messenians 3. What type of society did Sparta create in response to the revolt? Sparta creates a tough, militaristic state. Rigorous military training was the life of the Spartan male from the age of 7 to 60. The Messenian helots outnumbered the Spartans At age 20 males were allowed to marry 8 to 1. in order to procreate, Not surprisingly, they staged a revolt, but the men continued to live in their own barracks one which the Spartans were just barely with one another. able to put down. At left: Illustration depicting the famous legend of the Spartan boy who, being so disciplined, stood at attention before a superior while a fox he had hid beneath his tunic chewed away at his stomach.

A. Recognizing Facts and Details 621 B. C. Draco writes the first legal code. In contrast to Sparta, in Athens In Athens, and other Greek city-states girls didn’t attend school boys attended school from but a few fortunate ones about 7 – 14. did have private tutors. Boys learned arithmetic, reading, writing, and In general, memorized the heroic epic women focused their attention poems of Homer. on child-rearing, Music, especially the lyre, was weaving cloth (asalso stressed. shown here), Young men mastered the art of preparing meals, Debating and, to prepare for and managing the household. battle, took up wrestling or other sports. Wealthy parents frequently made arrangements to place their son with an older male tutor and these relationships were often long-lasting. 2. What was the primary cause of conflict between rich and poor in Athens? The poor wanted more political rights / power. Debt slavery intensified the conflict.

A. Recognizing Facts and Details 621 B. C. Draco writes first legal code 2. What was the primary cause of conflict between rich and poor in Athens? The poor wanted more political rights / power. Debt slavery intensified the conflict. 594 B. C. Solon chosen by aristocrats 4. What economic and political reforms did Solon initiate? He outlawed debt slavery, gave more power to lead Athens. the people’s assembly, allowed all citizens to bring legal suits, encouraged profitable trade. for Athens. 546 B. C. Pisistratus the Tyrant, seizes power in Athens. 5. How did Pisistratus gain the support of the poor? He provided money to the poor to buy farm stuff, creating jobs by starting public building programs to put the poor back to work. 508 B. C. Cleisthenes introduces 6. What steps did Cleisthenes take to create a first political reforms in Athens. limited Democracy in Athens? Broke up the power of the nobility by reorganizing the law assembly, allowing all citizens to submit laws. He created the Council of 500. These reforms allowed all Athenian “citizens” to participate in a limited democracy, though only one-fifth of Athenian residents were classified as “citizens” (free, adult, males over 20. )

TYPES of GOVERNMENT MONARCHY • A state / nation ruled by a king or queen. • Rule is usually passed on in hereditary fashion. • Some rulers in early times claimed “Divine right” • Mycenae had a monarchy (ca. 1450 B. C. ) ARISTOCRACY • State ruled by nobility (the land-owning families) • Rule is hereditary / based on land-ownership • Social status / wealth support ruler’s authority • Athens had an aristocracy in its early history (594 B. C. ) Linking the Past to the Present The United States of America in the 18 th c. A. D. became the world’s first Democracy since the time of the 5 th c. B. C. Athenians. However, the United States has what is known as OLIGARCHY a Representative Democracy • State ruled by a small group of elite citizens since a direct democracy • Rule is based on wealth • The ruling elite group controls the military • Sparta had an oligarchy (800 -600 B. C. ) was not feasible. DIRECT DEMOCRACY • State ruled by its citizens • Rule is based on citizenship • “Majority rule” is method of decision-making • Athens had the first such Democracy (461 B. C. )

I. CAUSES A. Greek colonies in Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor) are conquered by the Persians B. Athens responds by sending aid to the colonists – ships, soldiers, etc. – to help them rebel against Persia’s presence in the area. C. King Darius of Persia defeats the rebels and vows to destroy Athens in revenge. THE PERSIAN THREAT The Western World Feels The Heat!! MACEDONIA . Black Sea Byzantium Persian Empire >> Aegean Sea Ionian Sea IONIA Greek colonies • Athens • Sparta Mediterranean Sea Darius the Great of Persia

II. THE BATTLES A. The Persian army larger and superior on land, but the Greeks were masters of the Sea and had the fearsome hoplite phalanx. B. The Battle of Marathon (490 B. C. ) • 25, 000 Persians vs. 10, 000 Athenians • The light-armored Persians not familiar with the hoplite style of warfare. • Persians lost 6, 500; Athenians lost 192 • Athenian army fighting at Marathon realizes Persian ships are now heading toward Athens, which is defenseless in their absence. • Send Pheidippides, the “Marathon runner” (about 26 miles) to warn the people of Athens that although the Athenian army was victorious at Marathon, the Persian ships now heading to Athens. • Athenian Greeks arrive home to Athens before Persian ships pull into harbor. The Persians retreat! Greek Victory at Marathon Persian Navy

The Olympic footrace is shown. Pheidippides had been the winner of this difficult Olympic event four times! He was the perfect choice to make the Marathon run to Athens, telling the Athenian people, “Rejoice, we conquer! But prepare yourselves Athens…for Persian ships now head your way. ”

10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return ! II. THE BATTLES C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B. C. ) • King Darius of Persia now dead, his son, Xerxes, attempts to crush the Greeks. 10 years of planning an invasion of Greece that will avenge his father’s loss, Xerxes is certain his plan will work. It will involve the largest army AND the largest naval fleet ever assembled up to that day. The navy will sail along the coastline of the Aegean Sea supplying the land army on its long march. A huge bridge had to be constructed across the Hellespont ….

PERSIAN WARS in 480 B. C. Major Battle Locations MACEDONIA . . Black Sea Byzantium Hellespont crossing Persian Army Aegean Sea Thermopylae Ionian Sea . Marathon . ASIA MINOR (Anatolia) IONIA Greek colonies • Athens CYCLADES • Sparta Persian Navy Mediterranean Sea CRETE

10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return ! II. THE BATTLES C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B. C. ) - Persian army comes to narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae and are met by 7, 000 Greeks; including 300 Spartans blocking the pass. - 3 -Day fight ends after a Greek traitor tells the Persians about a secret path around the cliffs. A “nightmare” for the Greeks! - The Spartan force alone held the pass, allowing their fellow Greek forces safe retreat. The Spartans’ sacrifice – all were killed – made a great impression on the Greeks.

PERSIAN WARS in 480 B. C. Major Battle Locations . MACEDONIA . Black Sea Byzantium Hellespont crossing Persian Army Aegean Sea Thermopylae Ionian Sea . IONIA Greek colonies Salamis. • Athens CYCLADES • Sparta Mediterranean Sea Persian Victory ASIA MINOR (Anatolia) Persian Navy CRETE

10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return ! II. THE BATTLES C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B. C. ) D. The Battle of Salamis - Knowing the Persians are now on their way to Athens, the Athenians take action. - Themistocles convinces the Athenians to evacuate their city and fight at sea. - Greeks position themselves in a narrow channel near island of Salamis. - Angry at finding the city empty, Xerxes burns Athens ! - Xerxes orders his ships to block the channel but the large, bulky Persian ships get trapped and the Athenian navy moves in for the kill ! _______________

10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return ! II. THE BATTLES C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B. C. ) D. The Battle of Salamis - The Greeks steer their fast-moving triremes around the large Greek vessels driving their battering rams into the Persian ship’s hulls. Xerxes loses 1/3 of his fleet and orders retreat.

10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return ! II. THE BATTLES C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B. C. ) D. The Battle of Salamis - The Greeks steer their fast-moving triremes around the large Greek vessels driving their battering rams into the Persian ship’s hulls. Xerxes loses 1/3 of his fleet and orders retreat. - The Spartans continue the land battle in the north and defeat the rest of the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea.

PERSIAN WARS in 480 B. C. Major Battle Locations . MACEDONIA . Black Sea Byzantium Hellespont crossing Persian Army Aegean Sea Thermopylae Ionian Sea . Plataea. Salamis. • Athens IONIA Greek colonies CYCLADES • Sparta Mediterranean Sea Greek Victories Persian Victory ASIA MINOR (Anatolia) Persian Navy CRETE

III. THE CONSEQUENCES of the Persian Wars UNIFIED THE GREEKS for a short time! A. Greeks now feel a sense of confidence and pride B. Athens rises from the ashes to bask in glory of victory and rebuild its city in a glorious fashion. C. Athens will lead the formation of an Alliance of the Greek city-states called the Delian League 1. Athens collected dues from city-state members 2. Drove the Persians from remaining Greek areas and promised to end any future threats 3. Athens will build a powerful naval empire and now Was a 40 -foot tall uses it to dominate over the other Greek city-states. gold & ivory statue of Athena Athens uses the proceeds from the dues to create the really necessary, Athens? costly building projects on the Acropolis (the Parthenon, etc. ) This led to resentment towards Athens among the other Greeks

140 Greek city-states paid dues into the Delian League for promises from Athens to rebuild its navy, to drive remaining Persian troops from Greek Ionia and protect Greece from further Persian threat. Athens does indeed rebuild its navy… but now uses that mighty to dominate over the other Greek city-states. This led to resentment. Worse, Athens also uses the proceeds from the dues to rebuild their own burned city…. creating the costly building projects on the Acropolis (the Parthenon, etc. ) As Athens constructs a Golden Age of building construction the other Greeks were stupefied and bitter!

IV. ATHENS GOLDEN AGE A. Achievements of Pericles 1. Strengthened the Athenian Democracy 2. Strengthened the Athenian Empire / Navy 3. Brought glory to Athens Textbook, p. 120: “In what Designed, along with the great sculptor Phidias, way did Pericles the Parthenon; temple to Athena in Athens strengthen Democracy? ” The great Athenian leader Pericles who rebuilt Athens from ashes, a skilled politician, would hold on to popular support for 32 years. Read textbook, “History Makers” p. 121

IV. ATHENS GOLDEN AGE B. GREEK ART 1. Classical Art – a style that values orderly arrangement of design, balance, exact proportions, as well as an emphasis on realism and the grace and beauty of the human body. Sculptures of gods/goddesses or Greek athletes idealized the human form. Life-size marble statue of Apollo with his lyre. http: //www. crystalinks. com/greekart. html The Greeks employed what is known in Geometry as The Golden Mean in the construction of the Parthenon. Read more about it on p. 122 in your textbook – “History Through Art” The classical style is still popular today.

PEDIMENT CORNICE TRIGLYPHS FREIZE METOPES ENTABLATURE CAPITAL COLUMN BASE SHAFT

DORIC The oldest style. Sturdy with plain top. Used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. CORINTHIAN IONIC This later style was seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples. Its capital is very elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaves. This style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design. This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands.

A very plain capital indicates this is an early Doric design. Corinthian The Erechtheum also sits on the Athenian Acropolis. These elaborate maidens used as column supports are called Caryatids. This style was quite rare.

C. GREEK DRAMA 1. Greeks invented, built the first theaters Today we still enjoy the 2 TYPES of DRAMA first written by the Greeks: 2. TRAGEDY – a serious drama about themes like war, love, jealousy, betrayal, and untimely death. Notable Greek Tragedy Playwrights: Sophocles ~ Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex); Antigone Euripides ~ Medea Aeschylus CHORUS SKENE Often in Tragedies, a hero is brought down to a tragic end / fall because of his excessive pride (such as thinking himself like a god / immortal, etc. ) This type of “pride / arrogance that led to a man’s downfall” is known as hubris. THEATRON ORCHESTRA / STAGE

C. GREEK DRAMA 1. Greeks invented, built the first theaters Today we still enjoy the 2 TYPES of DRAMA first written by the Greeks: 2. TRAGEDY – a serious drama about themes like war, love, jealousy, betrayal, and untimely death. 3. COMEDY – a type of dramatic production that contains humor. Notable Greek Comedy Playwright: Aristophanes ~ The Clouds; Lysistrata Some comedies are satire – humor that pokes fun at present-day subjects, political scandals, people’s customs, etc.

IV. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR A. CAUSES • The power and glory of Athens (paid for by the Delian League dues the city-states were being forced to continue to pay to Athens, even though the Persian threat was now over) Athens’ arrogance led to much bitter resentment among the other Greeks. Men talk politics in new Athens, the glorious new buildings are seen on the Acropolis above them.

IV. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR A. CAUSES • The power and glory of Athens led to much bitter resentment. • Sparta began assembling its own Peloponnesian League of City-States to counter-attack the Delian League. • Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 B. C. Spartans sweep into the Athenian countryside and burn the Athenian fields (food supply). Pericles orders the Athenians inside the city walls.

Sparta even managed to gain the Macedonians as one of its allies in the Peloponnesian Leagues coalition against the Athenian League

IV. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR A. THE BATTLE Sparta’s advantage on land; Athens on sea • Sparta begins terrorizing / burning Athenian countryside • Pericles orders all residents within the city walls • A horrible plague strikes Athens in the 2 nd year of the war. • Almost 1/2 of Athenian population dies, including Pericles • Athenian fleet carrying 27, 000 soldiers is shipwrecked in a storm while battling Syracuse (one of Sparta’s allies) NEWS FLASH !! READ ALL ABOUT IT Plague Strikes Athens p. 12 b in your packet

After 27 years of war fighting the other Greeks In the Peloponnesian War Athens loses its empire, power, and wealth. The HUBRIS (arrogant pride) of the Athenians would bring about their downfall… it was a real-life Tragedy! Worse, confidence in their Democratic government began to falter… After Pericles, leaders who followed were weak or corrupt. In this time of questioning, uncertainty, and searching several great thinkers appeared hoping to provide understanding or Truth that would help the Athenians make sense of their Tragedy… …these were the Philosophers. Tomorrow we finish Section 3 and you take your MAJOR QUIZ

“The Death of Socrates” by Jacques-Louis David 1787 Oil on canvas 51 x 77 1/4 in. (129. 5 x 196. 2 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

I. Locate MACEDONIA A. Relationship to the Greeks : Macedonians were a rugged, rural people, not as advanced, envious of the Greeks, and threatened by the Athenian Empire. Even allied themselves with Sparta in the Greek’s Peloponnesian War – helping to defeat Athens. Ionian Sea MAINLAND GREECE PELOPONNESUS Aegean Sea ASIA MINOR (Anatolia) IONIA • Athens • Sparta Mediterranean Sea Black Sea MACEDONIA Label your map, Packet p. 16 b

I. Locate MACEDONIA A. Relationship to Greeks B. King Philip II 1. His goal: Take Greece and then … even Persia !!! 2. Transforms army: phalanx 16 with 18 foot pikes (spears called sarissa) Philip II ruled Macedonia from 359 to 336 BC. He was born in Pella, the capital of the Macedonian kingdom, as the youngest son of king Amyntas III. Philip II was a hostage of the Greeks at Thebes following the Greeks’ Peloponnesian War, between 368 and 365 BC. But while in captivity there, he observed the military techniques of the superior Greek hoplite phalanx. When he returned to Macedonia he immediately set forth in helping his brother Perdiccas III, who was then king of Macedonia, to strengthen and reorganize their Macedonian army. But in 359, when his brother set out to battle the Illyrians to free northwestern Macedonia, the Macedonian army suffered a disastrous defeat. 4, 000 Macedonian soldiers, including their king lay dead on the battlefield. Philip ascended on the Macedonian throne in the most difficult times; the country was virtually at the brink of collapse, its neighbors ready to put an end to its existence. Philip was not about to let that happen!

II. INVASION OF GREECE A. The Athenian leader Demosthenes tries to warn the Greeks 1. But Greeks cities still not unified following the awful Peloponnesian War fought between themselves. 2. Athens and Thebes finally join forces to try to prevent Philip’s invasion of Greece, but … too late! “Of all the people we should sit idly by and allow to invade our lands… not only are they no Greek, nor related to the Greeks, they are not even barbarians from a place that can be named with honors, but rather from pestilent Macedonia, a place from where it is not even possible to buy a decent slave!" (Demosthenes in his “Third Philippic, 31”; 341 B. C. E. )

II. MACEDONIAN INVASION OF GREECE B. Battle of Chaeronea; 338 B. C. 1. Philip’s 18 y. o. son, Alexander, leads the charge – makes an impression! 2. Greeks are defeated ! DID YOU KNOW? The Battle of Chaeronea, Aug. 2 nd, 338 BC is considered by historians as an end to Greek liberty and history. Pic: The flat plain of Chaeronea today. Greece will not regain its freedom from foreign occupation again until the early 19 th century AD when it finally gained its independence.

IV. Alexander the Great “Who was Bucephalus? ” “Who was Haphaestian? ” Boyhood friends who played mythic heroes and who grew up to become them. A. King now at 20 y. o. - he takes over his father’s plans to invade Persia. B. Having been taught by Aristotle, he envisions spreading the achievements of the “superior” Greek culture. C. Is disappointed by revolting Greeks; and decides to teach a brutal lesson at Thebes. Alexander leads the combined With the Greeks properly subdued, he rallies them with the words: “Come with me to take your Greek and Macedonian forces across the Hellespont to go conquer Persia. revenge on Persia!” The Greeks join the Macedonian army.

Action(s) Goal(s) 1. Led soldiers across Hellespont into Anatolia. To fulfill his father’s goal – conquer Persia! Label your map, Packet p. 16 b MACEDONIA Result(s) King of Persia, Darius III, is alerted mobilizes army to meet Greek forces. Black Sea Hellespont Ionian Sea MAINLAND GREECE PELOPONNESUS PERSIAN EMPIRE ASIA MINOR Aegean Sea (Anatolia) IONIA • Athens • Sparta Mediterranean Sea

Action(s) 1. Led soldiers across Hellespont into Anatolia. 2. Launched a surprise attack against Persians near Issus. Goal(s) To fulfill his father’s goal – conquer Persia! Heavily outnumbered, he uses “surprise attack” strategy and scores big! Result(s) King of Persia, Darius III, is alerted mobilizes army to meet Greek forces. Darius III flees – humiliating retreat! In a wealthy Roman villa in Pompeii was found this beautiful mosaic tile floor depicting Alexander conquering Darius III at the Battle of Issus.

CH 5: GREECE – Sec. 4, “Alexander Builds an Empire” Textbook p. 129; Packet p. 14 THE SEIGE OF TYRE After his resounding defeat of the Persians at Issus, Alexander moved south toward Egypt. He Action(s) Goal(s) Result(s) hoped he could convince the Egyptians to see him as their liberator from Persia- they had been 1. Led soldiers across sporadically occupied by Persia ever since the devastating conquest by Cambyses in 525 B. C. King of Persia, Darius III, is alerted To fulfill his father’s goal – Hellespont into Anatolia. mobilizes army to meet Greek forces. conquer Persia! On the way to Egypt, in 332 B. C. , he reaches Tyre – an island fortress off the coast of modern Heavily outnumbered, he 2. Launched a surprise attack Darius III flees – Lebanon. Alexander needed the city to control the Eastern Mediterranean and to provide a against Persians near Issus. uses “surprise attack” humiliating retreat! secure port through which to funnel reinforcements and supplies. The Tyrians knew Alexander strategy and scores big! was coming and had stocked up on supplies; it also had its own source of fresh water. Tyre refuses to surrender so Alexander started to build a two hundred yard wide mole (land bridge) from the mainland to the island, a distance of approximately one half mile. While the mole was being built, he took part of his cavalry and went to Sidon where he commandeered one hundred twenty triremes, which were sailed to and surrounded Tyre. Click link.

Action(s) Goal(s) 1. Led soldiers across Hellespont into Anatolia. To fulfill his father’s goal – conquer Persia! Heavily outnumbered, he uses “surprise attack” strategy and scores big! 2. Launched a surprise attack against Persians near Issus. 3. He rejects Darius’ peace offer of a third of his empire. He wants it all! Result(s) King of Persia, Darius III, is alerted mobilizes army to meet Greek forces. Darius III flees – humiliating retreat! Moves on to take Egypt (gains another ally against Persia), is proclaimed a Pharoah. Now ready to take Persia! Alexander founded over 30 cities named for himself – including the famous Alexandria, Egypt. In 332 -331 B. C. Alexander conquered Egypt and was proclaimed a pharoah by Egyptian priests. By now his stories of being a descendant of Zeus had begun to spread.

Action(s) Goal(s) Result(s) 2. Launched a surprise attack against Persians near Issus. Heavily outnumbered, he uses “surprise attack” strategy and scores big! Darius III flees – humiliating retreat! 3. He rejects Darius’ peace offer of a third of his empire. 4. Launched a phalanx attack followed by cavalry charge at Gaugamela. He wants it all! Defeat of Darius! Moves on to take Egypt, is proclaimed a Pharoah. Now ready to take Persia! Takes Babylon, Susa, & Persepolis – shares the wealth with his men! Persian Empire ends! Persepolis burns!

Action(s) 3. He rejects Darius’ peace offer of a third of his empire. 4. Launched a phalanx attack followed by cavalry charge at Gaugamela. 5. Led army into Indus valley. Goal(s) Result(s) He wants it all! Moves on to take Egypt, is proclaimed a Pharoah. Now ready to take Persia! Defeat of Darius! Takes Babylon, Susa, & Persepolis – shares the wealth with his men! Persian Empire ends! Wants to extend empire further eastward to the edge of world – “Ocean” He defeats an Indian army but Discovers Darius his men’s morale is low III dead and demand to go home!

Action(s) 4. Launched a phalanx attack followed by cavalry charge at Gaugamela. 5. Led army into Indus valley. 6. Poured out drinking water offered to him in the desert. Goal(s) Result(s) Wants to extend empire further eastward to the edge of world – “Ocean” Takes Babylon, Susa, & Persepolis – shares the wealth with his men! Persian Empire ends! He defeats an Indian army but his men’s morale is low and demand to go home! To encourage / inspire his discouraged troops during long march home. As always before, It wins their admiration again… and they continue to follow him. Defeat of Darius!

ARABIA 324 B. C. – Alexander returns to Babylon which he makes his new capital. He begins to make plans for his new empire – construction projects, new cities, and plans to conquer Arabia. June 6, 323 B. C. - Residing in the old palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, he is struck by a high fever for several days and suddenly, at 33, is found dead.

IV. Alexander the Great “Who was Bucephalus? ” D. Conquered Persia and extended his empire east to the Indus River. “Who was Haphaestian? ” E. Dead at 33. Boyhood friends who played mythic heroes and who grew up to become them. F. His LEGACY: 1. His generals fought over control of empire after his death A. King now at 20 y. o. - he takes over his father’s plans to invade Persia. - ending the democratic tradition started in Greece B. Having been taught by Aristotle, he envisions spreading the achievements of the “superior” Greek culture. C. Is disappointed by revolting Greeks; and decides to teach a brutal lesson at Thebes. With the Greeks properly subdued, he rallies them with the words: A Boy who fulfilled the Dream of his Father ! “Come with me to take your revenge on Persia!” A Man who believed himself descended of the gods ! A Military Genius who united two worlds and got men from both to follow him! The Greeks join the Macedonian army. A Giant in History, like many, whose empire crumbled after his death.

IV. ALEXANDER THE GREAT D. Conquered Persia and extended his empire east to the Indus River. E. Dead at 33. F. His LEGACY: 1. His generals fought over control of empire after his death - ending the democratic tradition started in Greece 2. The HELLENISTIC CULTURE – a new culture that blended (western) Greek, Egyptian, and (eastern) Persian customs.

2. Mathematics Euclid – taught geometry and wrote the first geometry textbook. It was used by Europeans and the Muslim world until the 1900 s Archimedes – calculated pi…. …and the beginnings of calculus. Considered one of the greatest mathematicians / scientists 3. Physics Archimedes - Explained the law of the lever, Invented the pulley, a missile-throwing catapult, and a steam engine…

1. ASTRONOMY Aristarchus – sun larger than the earth and the planets revolve around the sun. Eratosthenes – used geometry to compute the earth’s circumference. He served as the head of the Alexandrian library in Egypt Ptolemy – incorrectly concluded the earth was the center of the universe. His was the “geocentric” theory. X Hipparchus – designed latitude and longitude for plotting locations on a map.

4. Philosophy in the Hellenistic Age Zeno – founded Stoicism, a school of thought that provided an ethical way to live and instructed its followers to refrain from pointless emotions when facing life’s inevitable events (like death, etc. ) and to focus instead on things that we can control. “Why do you weep for the dead, they are gone from you. Weep for the living who suffer and do something about it. ” Epicurus – founded Epircureanism, a school of thought which taught that the greatest good and highest pleasure in life comes from behaving good and avoiding pain. “Eat, drink, be merry…. for tomorrow we die!”

5. MEDICINE Hippocrates – the “father of medicine” - listed first pharmaceutical guide to herbs and plants used as remedies / cures. - had a school students he trained - attempted to replace limbs and organs - wrote for himself, and had his students take, oath still used taken today by medical students, “The Hippocratic Oath”