DEMO I Ali Jassim Alhashli Year II Unit

DEMO – I Ali Jassim Alhashli Year II – Unit I (Man and His Environment)

STATION – 1 (Autonomic Nervous System) • The nervous system is classified to: – Central Nervous System (CNS): which includes brain and spinal cord. – Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): which transport signals from an to the CNS and is further classified to: • Sensory component: including somatic nerves (for sensation of pain) and visceral nerves. • Motor component: including somatic nerves (for voluntary movements) and visceral nerves.

STATION – 1 (Autonomic Nervous System)

STATION – 1 (Autonomic Nervous System)

STATION – 1 (Autonomic Nervous System) • White ramus → pre-ganglionic fibers → myelinated (have myelin sheath around their axons thus appearing white due to the presence of fat in myelin). • Grey ramus → post-ganglionic fibers → un-myelinated (do not have myelin sheath around their axons). • Sympathetic nerve fibers originate from: – T 1 to L 2/L 3 (thoracolumbar origin). • Parasympathetic nerve fibers are: – CN III: oculomotor nerve. – CN VII: facial nerve. – CN IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve. – CN X: vagus nerve. – And also from S 2, S 3, S 4 – (craniosacral origin).

STATION – 1 (Autonomic Nervous System) • • In sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems: – Ganglia: are collection of nerve cell bodies outside brain and spinal cord. – Nuclei: are collection of nerve cell bodies inside brain and spinal cord. Sympathetic nervous system is activated for “fight-or-flight” response while parasympathetic nervous system is activated at rest condition. Effects of both systems on the body are explained in the table below.

STATION – 1 (Autonomic Nervous System) • • In sympathetic nervous system: – Sympathetic fibers synapse in paravertebral ganglia. – Or synapse in the prevertebral ganglia which is located near the major abdominal arteries: • Greater splanchnic nerve. • Lesser splanchnic nerve. • Least splanchnic nerve. – Or continuing as a white ramus without synapsing (example: adrenal gland medulla which functions as a sympathetic ganglia). What is the difference between radiating and referred pain? – Radiating pain: extension of pain from original site to another site with persistence of pain at original site (e. g. penetration of duodenal ulcer posteriorly causes pain both in epigastrum and back; pancreatitis radiated to back). – Referred pain: pain is not felt at the site of disease but felt at a distant site (e. g. diaphragmatic irritation causes referred pain at the tip of shoulder through same segmental supply. Diaphragm (phrenic nerve C 3, C 4, C 5); shoulder (cutaneous supply C 5, C 5).

STATION – 2 (Planes of Movement) • What are the planes of movement? – Sagittal plane: which is further divided into right and left sagittal planes. – Fontal (coronal) plane: which is further divided into anterior or posterior planes. – Transverse (horizontal) plane: which is further divided into upper and lower planes. • What are the axes of movement? – Sagittal axis: where sagittal and transverse planes meet. – Frontal axis: where frontal and transverse planes meet. – Vertical axis: where sagittal and frontal planes meet. Notice that both sagittal and frontal axes allow transverse movement.

STATION – 2 (Planes of Movement)

STATION – 2 (Planes of Movement) • Types of movement: – Flexion/ extension: occurring on sagittal plane and frontal axis. – Abduction/ adduction: occurring on frontal plane and sagittal axis. – Rotatory movements: occurring on transverse plane and vertical axis. • Movements of the foot: – Inversion → inward movement. – Eversion → outward movement. Both of these movements occur on fontal plane and sagittal axis.

STATION – 2 (Planes of Movement) • Explanation of some important body movements: – Flexion: • Decreases the angle of the joint. • Brings two bones closer together. • Typical of bending hinge joints (e. g. knee and elbow) or ball-and-socket joints (e. g. the hip). – Extension: • Opposite of flexion. • Increases the angle between two bones. • Typical of straightening the elbow or knee. • Extension beyond 180 is hyperextension. – Rotation: • Movement of a bone in vertical axis (e. g. shaking head “no”). – Abduction: • Moving limb away. – Adduction: • Moving limb toward. – Dorsiflexion: • Ankle movement/ instep up. – Plantar flexion: • Straighten ankle/ instep down. – Inversion: • Turning sole of foot medially. – Eversion: • Turning sole of foot laterally.

STATION – 2 (Planes of Movement)

STATION – 2 (Planes of Movement) • Exceptions of movements (represented by thumb movements): – Flexion/ extension of the thumb: occurring on frontal plane and sagittal axis. This is similar to abduction/ adduction in other fingers of the hand. – Abduction/ adduction of the thumb: occurring on sagittal plane and frontal axis. This is similar to flexion/ extension in other fingers of the hand.

STATION – 2 (Planes of Movement) • Movements of the head: – When you rotate your head (to say “no”): you are using the atlantoaxial joint (a pivot joint). This movement occurs on the vertical axis and transverse plane. – When you nod your head (to say “yes”): you are using atlantooccipital joint. This movement occurs on sagittal plane and frontal axis.

STATION – 3 (Joints of The Body) • Joint: Joint it is an articulation between two adjacent bones. • Types of joints: – Fibrous joint: • Allows no movement (rigid). • Examples: sutures of the skull; between teeth and jaw. – Cartilaginous joint: • Characterized by the presence of cartilage over articulating ends of bones. • Classified to: – Primary cartilaginous: hyaline cartilage. – Secondary cartilaginous: two articulating ends covered by hyaline cartilage and connected by fibrous tissue. Examples include: intervertebral discs and pubic bones which are connected by pubic symphysis.

STATION – 3 (Joints of The Body)

STATION – 3 (Joints of The Body)

STATION – 3 (Joints of The Body) • Types of joints (continued): – Synovial joint: • Freely movable. • There are four criteria to classify a joint as “synovial”: – The two end of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage. – There is synovial fluid filling the cavity → acts as a lubricant and absorbs shock. – The joint has a synovial membrane. – The joint is covered by a fibrous capsule. • Subtypes of synovial joint: – Flat: plain synovial joints; articulating ends of the joint are plain; example: tarsal joints in the foot. – Ball-and-socket: one articulating end is concave while the other is convex; examples: shoulder and hip joints. – Hinge: allowing movement only in one axis; example: elbow joint (allowing only flexion/ extension). – Saddle: allowing bi-axial movement; example: carpo-metacarpal joint (between carpal bone and first metacarpal bone in the thumb). – Elepsoid. – Condyloid: example: metacarpophalangeal joint. – Pivot: allowing movement only in one axis; example: superior radio-ulnar joint (between radius and ulna).

STATION – 3 (Joints of The Body)

STATION – 3 (Joints of The Body)

STATION – 4 (Basic Tissues of The Body) • There are four basic tissues in the body: Epithelium, connective tissue muscle tissue and nervous tissue. – Epithelium (being most important): • Types: – Simple epithelium: » Simple squamous epithelium: endothelium of blood vessels. » Simple cuboidal epithelium: those which are lining kidney tubules. » Simple columnar epithelium: some have cilia while other have microvilli and are found in GIT. – Stratified epithelium: » Notice that the respiratory epithelium is considered to be “pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells”. » Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium: vagina, esopahagus, anus and cervix. » Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium: epidermis of palm of the hand sole of the foot. » Transitional epithelium (urothelium: found in the urinary tract): when not stretched → superficial layer is cuboidal; when stretched → superficial layer becomes squamous and irregular. • The basal membrane is composed of type-IV collagen and it separates the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue. • Arrangement of cilia: 9+2 • Arrangement of basal body: 9 x 3 (like spindles).

STATION – 4 (Basic Tissues of The Body)

STATION – 4 (Basic Tissues of The Body)

STATION – 4 (Basic Tissues of The Body)

STATION – 4 (Basic Tissues of The Body) – Connective Tissue (CT): • Loose CT: it is considered to be the most important type because it has all the components of a CT: – Cells: from 9 -11 (most important are fibroblasts). – Extracellular matrix. – Fibers: there are three types: » Collagen fibers: tough, thick, do not branch and most abundant. » Elastic fibers: thin, small, branching and containing elastin. » Reticular fibers: form a delicate network in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lungs and liver. • Dense irregular CT: – Collagen fibers and fibroblasts (arranged irregularly). – Found in the skin dermis. • Dense regular CT: – Found in tendons (NOT in muscles!). • Reticular CT: – Detected only by a special silver stain. – Found in: liver, lung, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. • Adipose tissue: – Mostly fat cells which are found in the hypodermis.

STATION – 4 (Basic Tissues of The Body)

GOOD LUCK! Wish You All The Best