Contents Human Ecology p What is Human Ecology

Contents 人類生態學 (Human Ecology) 的發展史 p What is Human Ecology? p Human Ecosystems (人類生態體系) p 2

Julian Steward 的文化生態學 p 1 「文化生態學」 (Cultural Ecology)有七項重點： n n 文化核心(cultural core)、環境與文化間的相關、 線性互動的關聯、功能與適應、 引入生態學理、了解生態的複雜性、 以及歷史的變遷。 Julian Steward(1955) The theory of cultural change. p 其他還有：Freilich (1963), Harris (1968), Rappaport (1963, 1968, 1969, 1971)等學者 p 6

「生態學」的定位(起源) 2 Haeckel, Ernst (1866 -1891) : 第一個使用 ecology (1866)。 p 字源取自 eco-nomics (household + management) n eco-logy (the study of household) p Ecology as a part of physiology (生理學)。 p = the economy of nautre (自然的經濟)。 = total relationships of the animal both to its inorganic and its organic environment. = complex interrelations referred to by Darwin as the conditions for the struggle for existence. p p 10

………. . (by 1910 s) p 1893 J. S. Burdon-Sanderson: President, p British Ass. for Advancement of Science. n 將 Ecology 成為「生物學」中三大部之一。 n ecology, physiology and morphology n 生態學 = philosophy of living nature. 1900 s Clements & Cowles：Plant ecology n 生態學 = 生理學 1910 s Adam (1917) & Elton (1927) ：Animal ecologists n 生態學= new natural history (Adam, 1917) = scientific natural history (Elton, 1927) p 11

大眾覺醒 (Public awakens) p 3. 人和環境相關的研究，追溯至 1800年代。 n n n G. P. Marsh (1864): Man and Nature. E. Haeckel (1900): The Riddle of the universe. (1905): The wonders of Life. /back-to-the-land movement /有機農業/土壤和森林保育 J. Ritchie (1920): The influence of man on animal life in Scotland. 18

3. 人和環境相關的研究 n n n n P. B. Sears (1935): Deserts on the march. W. Vogt (1948): Road to survival. F. Osburn (1948): Our plundered (掠奪的) planet. W. L. Thomas (1956): Man's role in changing the face of the Earth. Proceedings of symposium. Rachel Carson (1962): Silent Spring. P. R. Ehrlich (1968): The population Bomb. G. Hardin (1968): The tragedy of the commons. I. L. Mc. Harg (1969): Design with Nature. 19

3. 人和環境相關的研究 n n n P. Shepard and D. Mc. Kinley (1969): The subversive Scinece. E. Callenbach (1970): Ecotopia. D. H. Meadows, D. L. Meadows, J. Randers, and W. W. Berhens III (1972): The limits to growth. IUCN (1980): World Conservation Strategy. Council on Environmental Quality (1980): Global 2000 20

以「社會學」為主軸的發展史 p p p 3 Human Ecology, was first used in the 1920 s, when urban sociologists(城鄉社會學者) used ecological concepts to explain what they were observing in cities. This form of human ecology was prominent until the 1970 s. In the 1960 s and 1970 s, biological ecologists who were alarmed by the human population explosion and its implications for environmental destruction used the term ‘human ecology’ to emphasize that humans are subject to the same ecological limitations as other animals. Marten, G. G. (2001) Human Ecology: basic concepts for sustainable development. Earthscan Pub. 22

3 p p At the same time, anthropologists directed attention to the shaping of culture by environment, and some anthropologists initiated human ecology field studies using prominent ecological concepts of the time, such as population regulation and energy flow. By the 1980 s, biological ecologists and social scientists were working together in multidisciplinary research teams addressing practical problems involving the environment. 23

Human ecology could help to 3 1. Anticipate the long-range environmental consequences of human actions 2. Avoid disastrous surprises from the environment 3. Generate ideas for dealing with environmental problems, 4. Maintain a liveable and sustainable relationship with the environment. 24

What is Human Ecology? Human ecology is about relationships between people and their environment. p In human ecology the environment is perceived as an ecosystem(生態體系). p 25

摘取自：Marten. G. G. 2001. Human Ecology: Basic concepts for sustainable development. Earthscan pub. Ltd. 人類活動(human activities) Social System 知識 技術 社會組織 人口 Ecosystem 能 量 、 物 質 與 資 訊 價值 Ecological services 28

摘取自：Marten. G. G. 2001. Human Ecology: Basic concepts for sustainable development. Earthscan pub. Ltd. Drift net story (流刺網的故事) Ecosystem Social System 食物 魚類 漁撈 技術 漁民 鳥類 聯合國 政府 民眾 資訊 海豚和海狗 保育團體 Fig. 1. 2 Chain of effects through ecosystem and social system (commercial fishing in the ocean) 29

Human Ecology p p p Introduction Populations and feedback systems Human population Ecosystems and social systems as complex adaptive systems Ecosystem organization Ecological succession p p p Coevolution and coadaptation of human social systems and ecosystems Ecosystem services Perceptions of nature Unsustainable humanecosystem interaction Sustainable humanecosystem interaction Examples of ecologically sustainable development Marten. G. G. 2001. Human Ecology: Basic concepts for sustainable development. Earthscan pub. Ltd. 30

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