Classification Evolution 5 5 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 1778

Classification Evolution 5. 5

Carolus Linnaeus (1707– 1778), a Swedish botanist, invented the modern system of binomial nomenclature. Linnaeus attempted to describe the entire known natural world, giving every species a two-part name. The value of the binomial nomenclature system : › The scientific name can be used all over the world, in all languages, avoiding confusion and difficulties of translation. › Ability to organize organisms clearly and consistently. › Show common characteristics of members of a group. › Evolutionary links.

Name that organism……. Armadillidum vulgare "vulgar little armadillo”

Binomial Nomenclature System of naming organisms using two names. › “Bi”- two › “nomial”- name › “Nomenclature”- system of naming

A “universal” SCIENTIFIC NAME is given to each organism. (usually Greek or Latin in origin) › The first name in the binomial nomenclature system refers to the GENUS. It is always CAPITALIZED and can be abbreviated with the CAPITAL. › The second name is always lower case and refers to the SPECIES. Both names should be italicized when typed or underlined when written. Ex) Escherichia coli Homo sapien AKA E. coli H. sapien

Myremecophaga tridactilia “eater of ants” “with three fingers”

Hierarchy of Classification System of Classification › FIVE KINGDOMS (widely accepted system of organization) Kingdom Plante Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Protoctista Kingdom Prokaryota (plants) (animals) (fungi and mold) (protozoa and algae) (bacteria)

5. 3 U. 7 Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species. Example: In the 1980’s microbial Biologist Carl Woese proposed a radical reorganization of the five kingdoms into three domains. It is now the standard paradigm. This shift was based on new evidence (mitochondrial DNA).

5. 3 U. 4 All organisms are classified into three domains. Domain broadest category of classification

Taxonomy- the science of classification arranged in a hierarchal structure. › A taxon is a subdivision or level of hierarchy used in classification. EIGHT LEVEL HEIRARCHY OF TAXA DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS species BROADEST MOST SPECIFIC

Kingdom Plante Characteristics: › › › Photosynthetic Chlorophyll Cellulose cell wall Vacuoles permanent Store starch

Plant PHYLA (pl. ) (PHYLUM -sing. ) › › Bryophyta- mosses, liverworts and hornworts Filicinophyta- ferns and horsetails Coniferophyta- conifers- “evergreens” Angiospermophyta- flowering plants with seeds surrounded by fruit.

Bryophyta mosses, liverworts and hornworts Lack of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) › Absorb water and nutrients through cell surface. › Low lying, short clumps or mats. No true leaves, stems or roots (attach with rhizoids). reproductive structures: by spores produced in capsules at the end of stalks.

Filicinophyta ferns and horsetails have true roots, leaves and non-woody stems, all containing vascular tissue. reproductive structures: spores produced on the underside of leaves

Coniferophyta conifers including pine, cedar, spruce, and juniper have roots, leaves (needles or scales) and wood stems all containing vascular tissue maximum height = 100 m reproductive structures: › male cones produce pollen (wind blown) › female cones produce ovules on the underside of scales › seeds develop from fertilized eggs with in ovules

Female Male

Angiosperms Flowering, seed bearing, fruiting plants have roots, leaves and stems all containing vascular tissue maximum height = 100 m

reproductive structures: › flowers, containing female pistil and/or male stamen › male stamens produce pollen › female pistils produce ovaries containing eggs › seeds develop from fertilized eggs with in ovules › fruits develop from ovaries to disperse seeds

SUMMARY

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics: › heterotrophic › no cell walls › no chlorophyll › store glycogen › multi-cellular › eukaryotic › aerobic

Animal PHYLA › Porifera › Cnidaria › Platyhelminthes › Annelida › Mollusca › Arthropoda sponges jelly fish, polyps, sea anemones, coral flat worms (tape worms) segmented worms (earthworms) snails, clams, octopus insects, spiders, crustaceans

Porifera (sponges) › No “true tissue” rathere is an aggregate of different cell types. › Support is from either silica or calcium based spicules which link together to provide some support. › Body plan is built around water canals that circulate nutrient through the sponge for ingestion by specialized cells. › There is no mouth or anus

Cnidarians (coral, jellyfish, sea anemone, hydra) › 2 layers in the body plan. › radial symmetry at some stage. › single entrance that circulates respiratory gases and nutrient › stinging cells with toxins called nematocysts to disable prey. › corals secrete a calcium carbonate (Ca. CO 3) skeleton

Platyhelminthes (flat worms) › › only one body cavity (gut)with one opening. three layers of tissue / bilateral symetry Respire by diffusion through skin parasitic (tapeworm and fluke)

Annelida (earthworms, leeches, polychaetes) › Bodies are divided up into sections seperated by rings. › Three layers / bilateral symmetry. › Mouth and anus- one way digestive system

Mollusca (snails, clams, octopus) › soft bodied with protective hard exoskeleton* (may be modified) › Body plan has three major features: Foot- a muscular structure used for movement and burrowing. Central visceral mass- containing all the organ structures (separate mouth and anus) Mantle -a folded membrane structure that secretes a calcareous shell.

Mollusk Body Plans The body plan of most mollusks includes a foot, mantle, shell, and visceral mass.

Arthropoda (Insects, spiders and crustaceans) › › › 3 layer body plant with bilateral symmetry. Hard exoskeleton composed of chitin. Body segments. Jointed appendages. Separate mouth and anus.

SUMMARY

DICHOTOMOUS KEY A dichotomous key is a method for determining the identity of something by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the item. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts". At each step of the process of using the key, the user is given two choices; each alternative leads to another question until the item is identified.