Taxonomy Classification Hierarchy Advanced Biology Carolus Linnaeus 1707

Taxonomy: Classification Hierarchy Advanced Biology

Carolus Linnaeus (1707 -1778) Ø Swedish naturalist Ø Developed a system for grouping organisms l l l Used morphology (form and structure) to categorize Seven leveled system System uses the Latin language

Linnaeus Ø 1 st to use consistent naming system Ø Systema Naturae l Binomial nomenclature • Means “two names” • Used Genus species Ø By using consistent system, able to reduce confusion when discussing organisms

Taxonomy and Diversity Ø Grouping and ranking of organisms involves identification of organisms and nomenclature (naming) Ø All living things can be classified according to certain characteristics l l l Morphological characteristics Biochemical characteristics Genetic information

Taxonomic Hierarchy How things are classified varies from scientist to scientist Ø Domain Ø Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Domains Ø Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukarya l l Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are prokaryotic Eukarya is eukaryotic

Kingdoms Ø Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia l l Sometimes may see archaebacteria and eubacteria as one kingdom (Monera) Aristotle had only two kingdoms: plant and animal

Phylum vs. Division Ø In animals, we use “phylum” below “kingdom” Ø In plants, we use “division” below “kingdom”

Rules for writing Genus species Ø Must be two words l Specific epithet • “Genus” is species name • “species” is species identifier Ø “Genus” is capitalized, “species” is lowercase Ø Underline or italicize both names

Phylogeny Ø Use phylogeny of the organism to help classify it l l Evolutionary history Phylogenetic tree • Diagram or “tree” that shows the evolutionary history of an organism or group of organisms • Is a hypothesis, as it is based on the fossil record

Phylogenetic Tree

Cladistics Ø Can also use cladistics to help classify organisms l Based on shared derived characters • Derived characters- features that evolved only in one particular group of organisms