CHAPTER II 1 1 RESULTANT OF COPLANAR NON

CHAPTER – II 1 1 RESULTANT OF COPLANAR NON CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS Coplanar Non-concurrent Force System: This is the force system in which lines of action of individual forces lie in the same plane but act at different points of application. F 1 F 3 Fig. 1 F 2 F 1 F 5 F 3 F 4 Fig. 2

2 TYPES 2 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 1. Parallel Force System – Lines of action of individual forces are parallel to each other. 2. Non-Parallel Force System – Lines of action of the forces are not parallel to each other.

3 MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT AN AXIS 3 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS The applied force can also tend to rotate the body about an axis, in addition to causing translatory motion. This rotational tendency is known as moment. Definition: Moment is the tendency of a force to make a rigid body rotate about an axis. This is a vector quantity.

4 4 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS Moment Axis: This is the axis about which rotational tendency is determined. It is perpendicular to the plane comprising the moment arm and line of action of the force. Moment Center (B): This is the point at which the moment axis intersects the plane of the coplanar system. Moment Arm: The perpendicular distance from the moment center to the line of action of the force. Distance AB = d. A d F B

5 EXAMPLE FOR MOMENT 5 Consider the example of a pipe wrench. The force applied which is perpendicular to the handle of the wrench tends to rotate the pipe about its vertical axis. The magnitude of this tendency depends both on the magnitude of the force and the moment arm ‘d’. www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS

6 MAGNITUDE OF MOMENT 6 It is computed as the product of the perpendicular distance to the line of action of the force from the moment center and the magnitude of the force. MA = d×F Unit – Unit of Force × Unit of distance k. N-m, N-mm etc. www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS B d F A

7 SENSE OF THE MOMENT 7 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS The sense is obtained by the ‘Right Hand Thumb’ rule. ‘If the fingers of the right hand are curled in the direction of rotational tendency of the body, the extended thumb represents the +ve sense of the moment vector’. M M For the purpose of additions, the moment direction may be considered by using a suitable sign convention such as +ve for counterclockwise and –ve for clockwise rotations or viceversa.

8 VARIGNON’S THEOREM 8 (PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS) www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS Statement: The moment of a force about a moment center (axis) is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the component forces about the same moment center (axis). Proof (by Scalar Formulation): Let ‘R’ be the given force. ‘P’ & ‘Q’ be the component forces of ‘R’. Ry ‘O’ be the moment center. p, r, and q be the moment arms of P, R, and Q respectively from ‘O’. , , and be the inclinations of ‘P’, ‘R’, and ‘Q’ respectively w. r. t. the X – axis. Y Q Qy R q r Py A P p O X

9 Y We have, Ry = Py + Qy Ry R Sin = P Sin + Q Sin ----(1) Q From le AOB, p/AO = Sin Qy r From le AOC, r/AO = Sin Py From le AOD, q/AO = Sin From (1), A R ×(r/AO) = P ×(p/AO) + Q ×(q/AO) 9 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS i. e. , R × r = P × p + Q × q Moment of the resultant R about ‘O’ = algebraic sum of moments of the component forces P & Q about same moment center ‘O’. R q p O P X

VARIGNON’S THEOREM – PROOF BY VECTOR 10 10 FORMULATION www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS Consider three forces F 1, F 2, and F 3 concurrent at point ‘A’ as shown in fig. Let r be the position vector of ‘A’ w. r. t ‘O’. The sum of the moments about ‘O’ for these three forces by cross-product is, Mo = ∑(r×F) = (r×F 1) + (r×F 2) + (r×F 3). By the property of cross product, Mo = r × (F 1+F 2+F 3) = r × R where, R is the resultant of the three forces.

11 APPLICATIONS OF VARIGNON’S 11 THEOREM www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 1. It simplifies the computation of moments by judiciously selecting the moment center. The moment can be determined by resolving a force into X & Y components, because finding x & y distances in many circumstances may be easier than finding the perpendicular distance (d) from the moment center to the line of action. 2. Location of resultant - location of line of action of the resultant in the case of non-concurrent force systems, is an additional information required, which can be worked out using Varignon’s theorem.

12 COUPLE 12 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS Two parallel, non collinear forces (separated by a certain distance) that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction form a ‘couple’. The algebraic summation of the F two forces forming the couple is zero. Hence, a couple does not produce any translation, but produces only rotation. d F

13 13 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS Moment of a Couple: Consider two equal and opposite forces separated by a distance ‘d’. Let ‘O’ be the moment center at a distance ‘a’ from one F of the forces. The sum of moments d of two forces about the point ‘O’ is, a + ∑ Mo = -F × ( a + d) + F × a = -F× d F O Thus, the moment of the couple about ‘O’ is independent of the location, as it is independent of the distance ‘a’. The moment of a couple about any point is a constant and is equal to the product of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between them.

14 RESOLUTION OF A FORCE INTO A FORCE-COUPLE SYSTEM 14 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS F F d Q P = F F = Q M=F × d P F Fig. (a) Fig. (b) Fig. (c) A given force F applied at a point can be replaced by an equal force applied at another point Q, together with a couple which is equivalent to the original system. Two equal and opposite forces of same magnitude F and parallel to the force F at P are introduced at Q.

15 15 P Fig. (a) F F F Q = www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS M=F × d d = F Q P F Fig. (b) Fig. (c) Of these three forces, two forces i. e. , one at P and the other oppositely directed at Q form a couple. Moment of this couple, M = F × d. The third force at Q is acting in the same direction as that at P. The system in Fig. (c) is equivalent to the system in Fig. (a).

16 16 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS Thus, the force F acting at a point such as P on a rigid body can be moved to any other given point Q, by adding a couple M. The moment of the couple is equal to moment of the force in its original position about Q.

RESULTANT OF COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT 17 FORCE SYSTEMS 17 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS The resultant of coplanar, non-concurrent force systems is the one which will produce same rotational and translational effect as that of the given system. It may be a force and a moment or a pure moment. F 1 Let F 1, F 2 and F 3 constitute a non concurrent system as shown in the fig. ‘O’ – be any convenient reference point in the plane. O F 3 F 2

18 18 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS F 1 F 2 O Fig. A F 3 R ∑Mo O Fig. B F 3 F 2 ∑Mo O Fig. C Each force can be replaced by a force of the same magnitude and acting in the same direction at ‘O’ and a moment about ‘O’ as in Fig B. The non concurrent forces can be combined as in the case of concurrent system to get the resultant force R. Thus, the resultant of the system is equal to a force R at ‘O’ and a moment ‘∑Mo’ as shown in fig. C.

19 R R ∑Mo d O Fig. C O Fig. D The single force R and the moment ‘∑Mo’ shown in the fig. C can be replaced by a single force R acting at a distance ‘d’ from ‘O’, which gives the same effect. Thus, the resultant can be reduced to a single force acting at a certain distance from ‘O’. Mathematically,

20 X and Y intercepts of Resultant: In some problems, it may be required to determine distances of the resultant R along x-axis and y-axis i. e. , X and Y intercepts. Let ‘d’ be the perpendicular distance of the resultant from ‘O’ as shown in the fig. Let Rx=∑Fx and Ry=∑Fy be the components of the resultant in X and Y Y-axis directions. A By Varignon’s theorem, Rx Rx R×d= ∑Mo Y d R At B, ∑Mo = Rx× 0 + Ry×X X-axis O X Ry B Ry

21 Therefore, X= ∑Mo/Ry Similarly, at A, Ry× 0 + Rx×Y = ∑Mo Therefore, Y= ∑Mo/Rx Y-axis A Y Rx d Rx R X-axis B O X Ry Ry

22 TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS 22 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 1. Concentrated Loads – This is the load acting for a very small length of the beam. 2. Uniformly distributed load – This is the load acting for a considerable length of the beam with same intensity of W kn/m throughout its spread. W k. N/m Total intensity = W × L (acts at L/2 from one end of the spread) L 3. Uniformly varying load – This load acts for a considerable length of the beam with intensity varying linearly from ‘ 0’ at one end to W k. N/m to the other representing a triangular distribution. Total intensity of load = area of triangular W k. N/m spread of the load = 1/2× W × L. (acts at 2×L/3 from ‘Zero’ load end) L

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 23 23 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 1. Determine the resultant of the parallel coplanar force system shown in fig. Take radius of the circle=1860 mm (Ans. R=2000 N towards left, d=626. 9 mm) 600 N 1000 N 60º 2000 N 10º o 30º 60º 400 N

24 24 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 2. Four forces of magnitudes 10 N, 20 N, 30 N and 40 N acting respectively along the four sides of a square ABCD as shown in the figure. Determine the magnitude, direction and position of resultant w. r. t. A. (Ans: R=28. 28 N, θ=45º, X=1. 77 a) 20 N D C 30 N a A a 40 N B 10 N

25 25 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 3. Four parallel forces of magnitudes 100 N, 150 N, 25 N and 200 N acting at left end, 0. 9 m, 2. 1 m and 2. 85 m respectively from the left end of a horizontal bar of length 2. 85 m. Determine the magnitude of resultant and also the distance of the resultant from the left end. (Ans: R=125 N, X=3. 06 m)

26 26 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 4. Reduce the given forces into a single force and a couple at A. (Ans: F=320 k. N, θ=14. 48º, M=284. 8 k. Nm) 70. 7 k. N 200 k. N 45º 30º 1. 5 m A 1 m 30º 100 KN 80 KN

27 27 www. bookspar. com | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 5. Determine the resultant w. r. t. point A. (Ans: R=450 k. N, X=7. 5 k. Nm) 150 Nm 150 N 1. 5 m 3 m 1. 5 m A 100 N 500 N