CHAPTER 9 THE FEDERALIST ERA THE FIRST PRESIDENTLESSON

CHAPTER 9 THE FEDERALIST ERA

THE FIRST PRESIDENTLESSON 9. 1 • WASHINGTON TAKES OFFICE • THE NEW ECONOMY

WASHINGTON TAKES OFFICE • WASHINGTON WAS NOT THE FIRST PRESIDENT! THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION HAD SEVERAL PRESIDENTS. THEIR JOB WAS TO “PRESIDE” OVER CONGRESS AND MAKE SURE THEIR MEETINGS WERE PRODUCTIVE. THAT’S IT… • UNDER THE NEW CONSTITUTION, THE PRESIDENT PLAYES A BIGGER ROLE AND IN APRIL 30, 1789 GEORGE WASHINGTON BECAME PRESIDENT

• THERE WAS NO POPULAR VOTE IN THE ELECTION OF 1789. INSTEAD, THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE CHOSE FROM A GROUP OF CANDIDATES. EACH COLLEGE MEMBER CAST TWO VOTES WITH THE CANDIDATE RECEIVING THE MOST VOTES BECOMING PRESIDENT AND THE RUNNER-UP BECOMING VICE-PRESIDENT. GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS ELECTED UNANIMOUSLY RECEIVING ALL 69 ELECTORAL VOTES. JOHN ADAMS CAME IN SECOND AND BECAME THE FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT.

• WASHINGTON KNEW WHAT HE WOULD DO WOULD SET PRECEDENTS (SOMETHING DONE OR SAID THAT BECOMES AN EXAMPLE FOR OTHERS TO FOLLOW). • IN THE FIRST YEARS THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS SET UP DEPARTMENTS (DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WAR AND TREASURY) TO HELP THE PRESIDENT CARRY OUT THE LAWS. THEY ALSO ESTABLISHED THE COURT SYSTEM UNDER CONGRESS.

THE CABINET • THOMAS JEFFERSON HEADED THE STATE DEPARTMENT (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) • ALEXANDER HAMILTON HEADED THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT (NATION’S MONEY) • HENRY KNOX HEADED THE WAR DEPARTMENT • EDMUND RANDOLF-ATTORNEY GENERAL-THE MAIN LAWYER FOR THE GOVERNMENT • THIS GROUP GIVES ADVICE TO THE PRESIDENT, THEY ARE CALLED THE CABINET • THE PRESIDENT PICKS THEM, SENATE APPROVES THEM, PRESIDENT CAN FIRE THEM

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=p. Ki. P 8 HTG a. RU

ESTABLISHING THE COURT SYSTEM • JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 ESTABLISHED A FEDERAL COURT SYSTEM. REMEMBER WHAT FEDERALISM MEANS. • STATES KEPT THEIR OWN LAWS AND COURTS BUT THE FEDERAL COURTS HAVE THE POWER TO REVERSE STATE DECISIONS • THE CONSTITUTION MAKES THE SUPREME COURT THE FINAL AUTHORITY • WASHINGTON CHOSE JOHN JAY TO LEAD THE SUPREME COURT AS CHIEF JUSTICE

BILL OF RIGHTS • REMEMBER THE FEDERALIST AND ANTIFEDERALIST AGREED THAT A BILL OF RIGHTS WILL BE ADDED LATER • ANY CHANGE MADE TO THE CONSTITUTION IS CALLED AN AMENDMENT. THE FIRST CHANGES TO THE CONSTITUTION WAS THE ADDED BILL OF RIGHTS. THEY ARE THE FIRST TEN AMENDMENTS. • THEY WERE PASSED IN DECEMBER 1791

NEW ECONOMY • REMEMBER THAT AFTER THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, THE COUNTRY OWED FRANCE AND SPAIN A LOT OF MONEY FOR THEIR HELP. THE TIME OF THE ARTICLES LED TO A BAD ECONOMY. THE MONEY OWED STILL HAD TO BE PAID BACK

HAMILTON’S PLAN • WE NEEDED TO PAY BACK THE MONEY WE OWED THAT WAY OTHER COUNTRIES WILL LET US BORROW MORE MONEY IN THE FUTURE IF WE NEED IT • WE ALSO NEEDED TO PAY BACK AMERICANS THAT LET THE GOVERNMENT BORROW MONEY TO WIN THE WAR • HAMILTON’S PLAN-FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKE OVER ALL THE DEBTS AND THE STATES PAY THE FED WOULD PAY WHAT THEY OWE ALL AT ONCE WHICH WOULD BUILD NATIONAL CREDIT AND MAKE THE STATES BELIEVE THAT THE NEW FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WILL BE A SUCCESS WITH THE PEOPLES’ MONEY

THE PLAN FACES OPPOSITION • CONGRESS AGREED TO THE PART OF THE PLAN THAT DEALT WITH OTHER COUNTRIES BUT DISAGREED WITH THE MONEY THEY OWED AMERICAN PEOPLE • DURING THE WAR THE GOVERNMENT ISSUED BONDS TO PEOPLE THEY BORROWED FROM. A BOND IS A CERTIFICATE THAT PROMISES TO PAY BACK THE MONEY BORROWED WITH INTEREST (EXTRA MONEY) • • THE LONGER YOU HOLD A BOND FOR THE MORE INTEREST YOU GET • HAMILTON WANTED TO PAY THEM, SINCE PEOPLE BOUGHT THE ORIGINAL BOND A LONG TIME AGO, THE BONDS WERE WORTH A LOT OF MONEY, BUT THE REGULAR PEOPLE WHO BOUGHT THEM FIRST WOULD NOT MAKE ANY MONEY, THIS ANGERED THEM. • ANOTHER ISSUE WAS THAT THE SOUTHERN STATES BORROWED A LOT LESS MONEY THAN THE NORTH, BUT HAMILTON’S PLAN HAD ALL THE STATES PAYING THE DEBT TOGETHER. THEY DID NOT WANT TO PAY FOR MONEY THEY DID NOT BORROW. WHILE PEOPLE WERE WAITING THEY NEEDED THE MONEY AND SOLD THEIR BONDS TO OTHER PEOPLE, SOMETIMES FOR LESS THAN WHAT THEY BOUGHT IT FOR JUST TO GET SOME MONEY BACK IN THEIR TIME OF NEED.

• http: //www. usnews. com/opinion/articles/2008/ 09/18/past-present-alexander-hamilton-andthe-start-of-the-national-debt

COMPROMISE AND A CAPITAL • THE CAPITAL AT THE TIME WAS IN NYC. ALEXANDER MADE A DEAL: THE SOUTH WOULD HELP PAY THE DEBT AND THE CAPITAL WOULD BE MOVED SOUTH, TO WHAT IS NOW WASHINGTON D. C. • WHILE THE WORK WAS BEING DONE ON THE NEW CITY, THE CAPITAL WAS MOVED SOUTH, FROM NYC TO PHILADELPHIA

THE FIGHT FOR A NATIONAL BANK • HAMILTON WANTED TO CREATE A NATIONAL BANK TO HOLD THE MONEY AND PAY THE DEBT • MADISON AND JEFFERSON OPPOSED IT BECAUSE IT WAS NOT IN THE CONSTITUTION • WASHINGTON AGREED WITH HAMILTON AND A NATIONAL BANK WAS CREATED

TARIFFS AND TAXES • HAMILTON PROPOSED HIGH TARIFFS-TAX ON IMPORTED GOOD • THIS WOULD RAISE MONEY AND PROTECT AMERICAN BUSINESSES • THE SOUTH DIDN’T LIKE IT BECAUSE THEY WOULD HAVE TO PAY MORE FOR THINGS • HAMILTON PROPOSED A NATIONAL TAX TO PAY FOR NATIONAL DEBT, CONGRESS APPROVED OF TAXES INCLUDING ON WHISKEY (FORESHADOWING) • JEFFERSON AND MADISON BEGAN TO ORGANIZE AGAINST HAMILTON AND HIS BIG GOVERNMENT IDEAS

EARLY CHALLENGESLESSON 2 • TROUBLE IN THE NEW NATION • PROBLEMS WITH EUROPE

TROUBLE IN THE NEW NATION • WHISKEY REBELLION • CHALLENGES IN THE WEST

WHISKEY REBELLION • CONGRESS PASSED A TAX IN 1791 ON GOODS, INCLUDING WHISKEY. FARMERS IN WESTERN PA WERE UPSET AND IN 1794 ATTACKED TAX COLLECTORS AND BURNDER DOWN BUILDINGS. WASHINGTON SENT TROOP TO MEET THEM. THIS SHOWED THAT THE NEW GOVERNMENT WILL SHOW FORCE TO MAINTAIN ORDER

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=IWoym. Dt. Z 9 j. E • http: //www. usnews. com/opinion/blogs/jamiestiehm/2014/04/29/cliven-bundy-gives-obamahis-own-whiskey-rebellion

CHALLENGES IN THE WEST • SPANISH AND BRITISH HAD TERRITORIES IN THE WEST AND THEY TRIED TO STIR UP NATIVE ANGER TOWARDS AMERICAN SETTLERS • WASHINGTON SIGNED TREATIES WITH NATIVE BUT SETTLER IGNORED TREATISED AND SETTLED ON NATIVE LAND. FIGHT BROKE OUT • WASHINGTON SENT THE ARMY UNDER GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR. THEY MET THE NATIVES LED BY LITTLE TURTLE A MIAMI CHIEF IN 1791. • SIX HUNDRERD SOLDIERS DIED. AMERICA LOST, THEY ASKED FRANCE TO HELP WHICH LED ENGLAND TO GET MORE INVOLVED WITH THE NATIVES. ENGLAND BUILT A FORT IN OHIO AND NATIVES TOLD SETTLERS TO LEAVE THE NORTHWEST IN 1794. WASHINGTON SENT ANTHONY WAYNE WHO DEFEATED 1000 NATIVES UNDER CHIEF BLUE JACKET IN THE BATTLE FALLEN TIMBERS IN OHIO • IN THE TREATY OF GREENVILLE IN 1795 NATIVES GAVE UP MOST OF OHIO

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ai. Fho. L 0 qp 3 I

PROBLEMS WITH EUROPE • WASHINGTON STRUGGLES TO STAY NEUTRAL • PINKNEY’S TREATY WITH SPAIN • WASHINGTON LEAVES OFFICE

WASHINGTON STRUGGLE TO STAY NEUTRAL • 1789 -FRANCE HAS A REVOLUTION LIKE U. S DID. THEY CHANGED THEIR GOVERNMENT AND IN 1793 THEY STARTED A WAR WITH THEIR RIVALS, ENGLAND. AMERICANS WERE DIVIDED IN THEIR SUPPORT AND HOPED TO STAY NEUTRAL • WASHINGTON ISSUED PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY • ENGLAND CAPTURED AMERICAN SHIPS THAT WERE TRADING WITH THE FRENCH AND THEN FORCED THE CREW TO JOIN THE BRITISH NAVY (IMPRESSMENT) • JOHN JAY (JAY TREATY)-BRITISH AGREED TO WITHDRAW FROM AMERICAN SOIL

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Tl. YE 9 hv. DF 4

PICKNEY’S TREATY WITH SPAIN • SPANISH LEADERS DIDN’T LIKE JAY’S TREATY AND THOUGHT THE TWO COUNTRIES WOULD TEAM UP AGAINST SPAIN IN NORTH AMERICA. 1795 PINCKLNEY’S TREATY WITH SPAIN GAVE AMERICA RIGHTS TO NAVIGATE THE MISSISSIPPI AND THE RIGHT TO TRADE IN NEW ORLEANS

WASHINGTON LEAVES OFFICE • WASHINGTON DECIDED NOT SEEK A THIRD TERM ATER EIGHT YEARS. • HE SAID DON’T MAKE PERMANENT ALLIANCES WITH OTHER COUNTRIES. HE ALSO FEARED POLITICAL PARTIES WOULD DIVIDE THE NATION…

THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES/ 9. 3 • Opposing Parties • John Adams as President

Opposing Parties • • Political Parties Emerge Role of the People Washington’s Reaction Presidential Election of 1796

• Most of the attacks on Washington came from supporters of Thomas Jefferson, who believed that the Washington kept favoring Hamilton’s policies • In 1796 the supports of both sides started to form the first political parties • Washington spoke against it but he was partisan-clearly favoring one faction (Hamilton)

Political Parties Emerge • Implied (elastic) powers were the cause of a lot of the disagreement. What is necessary and power? • The Federalist believed this gave federal (central) gov power to do more • The Democratic-Republicans, or Republicans, led by Jefferson and Madison, believed in a strict reading of the Constitution • Constitution says the gov can issue and borrow money. Hamilton says this implied that the fed gov could create a bank. Jefferson disagreed

Role of the People • Federalist supported representative government. Didn’t want the public to be too involved. Wealthy, educated men should hold office. • Republicans feared the central government and more ordinary people need to take part

Washington’s Reaction • Washington tried to get his two cabinet members to work together. • He wrote to Jefferson: “I ardently wish that some line could be marked out by which both of you could walk” • As the new election approached, both parties wanted to seek control

Presidential Election of 1796 • Both parties held caucuses-meetings held by a party to see who would run for office • The Federalist chose John Adams and Chales Pinkney • The Republicans chose Jefferson and Aaron Burr • Adams won 1 st place, Jefferson won 2 nd. They became president and vice president on March 4, 1797

Adams as President • XYZ Affair • Alien and Sedition Acts • Domestic and Foreign Affairs

XYZ Affair • The French did not like Jay’s treaty with England. They seized American ships that carried cargo to Britain. France sent agents and demanded a bride and a loan from France • Adams told Congress to prepare for war. X, Y, Z were used instead of their names in the report

Alien and Sedition Acts • Many people grew angry of foreign influence and aliens-residents who are not citizens. Would aliens be loyal to the US or their foreign country • Federalist in 1798 passed the Alien and Sedition Act. Sedition-activities aimed at weakening the government. This allowed the president to imprison aliens or deport themsend out of the country

Domestic and Foreign Affairs • Democratic-Republicans saw the Alien and Sedition act as Federalist tyranny. Madison and Jefferson wrote statements protesting it. • Virginia and Kentucky Resolution 1798 and 1799 said the act was unconstitutional and they did not have to enforce the law. • Kentucky said that they could nullify-legally cancel a law they thought was unconstitutional • They wanted to support states’ rights • The Federalist wanted war but Adams sought peace through a treat. He got it but the Federalist began separating from him and the party split. This helped Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans in the 1800 election