Chapter 8 Molecular Phylogenetics Measuring Evolution Figure 8

Chapter 8 Molecular Phylogenetics: Measuring Evolution

Figure 8. 1: The Tree of Life shows relationships among major groups of organisms Courtesy of Andrew J. Roger, Alastair B. Simpson, and Mitchell L. Sogin

Figure 8. 2: Sequence alignments can provide clues to evolutionary change by examining the effect of mutations occurring over time in species with a common ancestor

Figure 8. 3: An example of a phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationships among four modern species

Figure 8. 4: Alignment of a portion of the casein gene from whales and related organisms, and a phylogenetic tree based on the differences among these genes

Figure 8. 5: DNA sequence changes in the cytochrome c gene reflect evolutionary distance

Figure 8. 6: Calculating the substitution rate (r) for two sequences that have changed over time

Figure 8. 7: Relative substitution rates for different regions of a chromosome, showing that functional constraints reduce the likelihood that mutations will be preserved

Figure 8. 8: Substitution mutations can be categorized as transitions or transversions

Figure 8. 9: Example of a single FASTA file with two sequences to compare

Figure 8. 10: Sample Clustal. W output for a protein alignment

Figure 8. 11: Phylogentic trees: (A) Rooted; (B) Unrooted

Figure 8. 12: A phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among six example species

Figure 8. 13: Three different linkage methods that could be used to compute the distance between two clusters

Figure 8. 14: A partial phylogenetic tree after merging clusters A and B and calculating branch lengths

Figure 8. 15: A partial phylogenetic tree after merging clusters (AB) with C and calculating branch lengths

Figure 8. 16: A partial phylogenetic tree after merging clusters (ABC) with D and calculating branch lengths

Figure 8. 17: A partial phylogenetic tree after merging clusters (ABCD) with E and calculating branch lengths