Catholic Reformation Or Counter Reformation Reformation Historians disagree

Catholic Reformation Or Counter Reformation

Reformation • Historians disagree on whether or not the Catholic Reformation was a counter Reformation to the Protestant Reformation of if it was started for sincere reasons. • Isabella inherited the crown of Castile in 1474 Ferdinand was already King of Sicily and would become King of Aragon • Isabella was passionate about reform

Ferdinand & Isabella • They petitioned Pope Alexander VI (Borgia) for the right to name high ecclesiastical posts and he let them • Ferdinand named his 6 year old son to one • Isabella was more reform oriented • She named Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros as confessor and eventually made him become archbishop

Isabella & Francisco • They set out to reform monasteries and convents • The Pope was not a reformer but allowed Isabella some leeway because he was political • These 2 were not tolerant especially from deviation of theology • He was the leading inquisitor

Protestantism • Protestantism gave another reason for the Catholic church to have a Reformation • Some catholic scholars devoted all their time to refute protestant beliefs

New Orders • Teresa of Avilia founded the Carmelites-Only woman in the history of the church to found male and female orders • Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits (society of Jesus) • He wished to work among the Turks but was the main counter-offensive to Protestants

Pope’s • Throughout the 1520 -30’s the church did not seek reform • Politics is one issue-Charles V and Pope’s never could agree on a general assembly • Pope’s were worldly-Charles V attacked Pope Clement VII due to his alliance with France • Rome was ransacked and the pope taken prisoner

Pope’s • When Luther nailed his 95 thesis, Leo X was pope and he was concerned with helping the house of Medici • Paul III followed Clement VII and the ransacking of Rome woke him up some • He was still plagued by nepotism and illegitimate children

Pope Paul III • He did recognize the Jesuits • Appointed new Cardinals they were reform minded • In 1537 a report was issued by the Cardinals that said disorder in the church was directly related to the need for church reform

Council of Trent • In 1545, the church finally realized it needed a general council and Charles V insisted it be held in his territories so Trent was decided upon • The council had been agreed upon earlier but 2 wars between Charles and Francis delayed the event

Trent • The council decided to address every item the Protestant Reformation cited • Tensions grew between the pope and Charles so the pope moved the council to papal states but Charles kept his troops at Trent • The council was not competed until 1563 due to various delays in: 1547, 1551

Trent • Books published by Reformers or Reformers Bibles were banned and for a while in Spain the crime was punishable by death • Bishops had to reside where they served • Condemned pluralism of seats • Regulated relics and indulgences • Founding of seminaries for ministers • Declared Vulgate was authoritative

Trent • 7 Sacraments • Mass is true sacrifice and can be offered for the dead • Justification is based on good works through grace and the believer • This Council marked the beginning of the new Catholic Church

30 Years’ War • Peace of Augsburg said German Princes’ could determine the religion in their own territory but this would not last • In 1576, Rudolph II became Emperor and protestants did not trust him • In 1606 in Donauworth there were riots because the city had opted for Protestantism and bordered heavily Catholic Bavaria

30 Years’ War • Monks and Protestants had skirmishes and Duke Maximillian stamped this out with violence toward Protestants • Protestants formed the Evangelical Union and Catholics formed the Catholic League • Ferdinand was appointed King of Bohemia by Rudolph and was Catholic • Protestants threw 2 of the King’s officials out the window

30 Years’ War • Maximillian had success early on against the Protestants • Other countries feared the house of Hapsburg becoming too powerful • England, Netherlands, and Denmark joined in a Protestant League • This fighting goes on for 30 years

Peace of Westphalia • The war was Europe’s bloodiest until the 20 th Century • Ferdinand II died and his son was not as intolerant and other nations were tired of fighting • Anabaptist were still not recognized in the peace treaty • Nothing was solved and it was handled poorly