Counter Reformation Counter Reformation Involved 1 Renewal and

Counter Reformation

Counter Reformation Involved: • 1. Renewal and Reformation in the Catholic Church. • 2. Reaffirm the Catholic Doctrines through Council of Trent. • 3. Establish orders to improve the spirituality of the Church. • 4. Physical/military forces by using inquisition and war. • 5. Evangelize many nations. • 6. Propaganda by Index of books and apologetic writings.

1. Renewal and Reformation in the Catholic Church. • Pope Paul III made the most able cardinals (such as Caraffa, Gasparo Contarini, Pole, and others) to make an investigation of the weakness of the church. In 1537 they presented a report that pointed out that the abuses in the Roman Church were the fault of former pontiffs and corrupt cardinals. They advocated reform of the church.

1. Renewal and Reformation in the Catholic Church—cont. • Many luxury-loving, greedy, yet cultured popes were replaced by many popes who zealously supported reform during the sixteenth century. They helped to prevent the growth of Protestantism. • Pope Paul III and pope Paul IV (Caraffa) were the ones who involved in the early stage of Catholic renewal. Then Paul IV was succeeded by Pius IV and he was able to eliminate nepotism. Sixtus V helped to restore the financial strength of papacy. Pope Paul III and his Grandsons Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (left), and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (right), II Duke of Parma since 1547. A triple portrait by Titian, 1546 A statue of Sixtus V in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome.

2. Reaffirm the Catholic Doctrines through Council of Trent • Pope III opened the council on December 13, 1545 and closed by Pius IV on December 4, 1563 at the same place after 25 sessions. For a period of time (1547 -1550) it was held at Bologna. • 1. First session of the Council of Trent (1545 -1547) – (1) declared that not only the Bible but also the Apocrypha in the Vulgate edition of Jerome and the tradition of the church constituted the final authority for the faithful; (2) clarified that man was justified by faith and subsequent works rather than by faith only; (3) reaffirmed seven sacraments (Baptism, Reconciliation, Eucharist, Confirmation, Matrimony, Holy Orders, and Anointing of the Sick); and (4) formulated decrees concerning reform of ecclesiastical abuses.

2. Reaffirm the Catholic Doctrines through Council of Trent—cont. • 2. Second session of the Council of Trent (15511552) – (1) reaffirmed transubstantiation; and (2) formulated further decisions on reform. • 3. Third session of the Council of Trent (15621563) – was occupied with detailed discussions concerning other sacraments, rules concerning marriage, decrees concerning purgatory, and various matters of reform. The Council of Trent meeting in Santa Maria Maggiore church, Trento (Trent). (Artist unknown; painted late 17 th century. ) 6

Some Result of Council of Trent Doctrine Session Date Canons Decrees The Holy Scriptures 4 8 April 1546 none 1 Original sin 5 7 June 1546 5 4 Justification 6 13 January 1547 33 16 Sacraments 7 3 March 1547 13 1 Baptism 7 3 March 1547 14 none Confirmation 7 4 March 1547 3 none Holy Eucharist 13 11 October 1551 11 8 Penance 14 15 November 1551 15 15 Extreme Unction 14 4 November 1551 4 3 Matrimony 24 11 November 1563 12 10 • Cults • Saints • Relics • Images 25 4 December 1563 none 3 Indulgences 25 4 December 1563 none 1

Significant meanings of Council of Trent • The real significance of the council was (1) the transformation of medieval Thomistic theology into an authoritative dogma binding on all the faithful. (2) It required “true obedience” to the pope, meaning that there was no reconciliation with Protestantism because the Protestants would not accept the equal authority of tradition and Scripture. (3) Indeed, it promoted a higher moral standard among the clergy, (4) opened seminaries to train ministers, (5) provided for the Roman Catechism, and (6) adopted an authoritative version of the Bible, the Vulgate. (7) It marked the final triumph of papal absolutism. (8) The Roman Catholics consider the Council of Trent as one of the greatest councils of the church, comparable to Nicaea and Vatican II.

3. Establish orders to improve the spirituality of the Church. • Roman Catholic established orders to reform the church spirituality as well as militantly. The orders were such as Oratory of Divine Love, Theatines order, The Ursuline order (for women), and the most powerful was the Jesuit order. Saint Ursula, painted by Benozzo Gozzoli (ca. 1455– 60). Saint Cajetan (1480 -1547), the founder of the Theatines.

Ignatius of Loyola • The founder of the Jesuit was Ignatius Loyola (1491 -1556), who was born into a wealthy noble family. After spending time of fighting, gaming, and love-making, Loyola became a soldier. His leg was smashed in a battle. Ignatius in armor Sanctuary of Loyola, in Azpeitia, built over Ignatius' birthplace

Ignatius Conversion • While he was in hospital, Loyola read religious literature and had a spiritual experience in 1522 that led him to dedicate his life to the service of God. • In 1528 Loyola enrolled at the University of Paris. In 1534 he and six companions became the nucleus of an order that was given papal approval by Paul III in 1540. This became the Jesuit order in 1541. By 1556 the order numbered about 1000 monks and over 36, 000 at its peak in 1964. Manresa, Chapel in the Cave of Saint Ignatius where Ignatius practised ascetism and conceived his Spiritual Exercises

Rule and Functions of Jesuits • Loyola’s rules for thinking with the church required absolute blind obedience to the pope in addition to purity, poverty, and chastity. • The main functions of the Jesuits were education, fighting heresy, and foreign missions. The Jesuits provided some heroic missionaries. Francis Xavier (1506 -1552) was an early outstanding missionary of the order. He preached in India, the East Indies, and Japan.

Successful efforts of Jesuit in Counter Reformation • By preaching, large parts of Germany were regained for the Roman Catholic faith. • The Jesuits were able to regain the southern provinces of the Netherlands and some parts of Poland for the Roman Catholicism. Statue of St. Ignatius of Loyola at Gesù Church, Rome Ignatius as Superior General

4. Physical/military forces by using inquisition and war. • The Inquisition had originated in the struggle against the Albigenses in southern France early in the thirteenth century. It had been established in Spain by papal license in 1480. Under Thomas Torquemada’s (1420 -1498) leadership, ten thousand were executed, and under Ximenez, about two thousand died. The Roman Inquisition was proclaimed by a papal bull of Paul III in 1542 as an instrument in dealing with heresy anywhere until it was abolished in 1854.

Jesuit philosophy • In some cases, their efforts were soulless; their ethical relativism made them justify any means to accomplish what seemed to be good ends; and their enlistment of the rulers of the state in the fight against heresy led to an undue interference in politics that later made them unpopular

By War • Charles V and Philip II, successive rulers of Spain, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire were earnest supporters of the papal system. Philip tried to make war against England to hold the Netherlands to the Roman Catholic faith and to regain England for the papal system. This led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 and gave England control of the seas. • Spain regained some territories in modern Belgium, Poland, and large parts of Germany for Roman Catholicism. • Portugal and France also supported the papacy. Philip II. 1556 portrait by Sofonisba Anguissola

Thirty years war • The War happened in four phases, started in 1618 and ended in 1648 after signing the Peace of Westphalia. Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1632

Causes of the War • Because many clerical rulers of Germany who became Protestants made their lands Protestant in spite of the Peace of Augsburg, which required that they give up their land if they became Protestant, both Roman Catholics and Lutherans became dissatisfied. • Jesuits interfered in political affairs in countries such as Bavaria and Bohemia in order to regain lost territories for the Roman Church. Emperor Ferdinand II and Maximilian of Bavaria had been trained by the Jesuits to hate Protestantism. Maximilian severely persecuted Protestants.

Causes of the War—Cont. • Fearing the breakdown of the Augsburg agreement, the Protestant rulers organized an Evangelical Union in 1608; and in 1609 the princes supporting the pope organized a Catholic League. • Thus there were lines for battle between the Protestant rulers and Catholic rulers: external war against Spain in Holland England, and internal conflict in Germany, France, Scotland, and Zurich.

First Episode (Bohemian Revolt) • 1. Ferdinand II, who became emperor in 1619, was selected in 1617 to succeed Emperor Matthias as ruler of Bohemia. • 2. In 1618, however, the Bohemians selected Frederick, ruler of the Protestant Palatinate, as ruler of Bohemia. • 3. Thus, there was a war between Ferdinand the emperor and Maximilian of Bavaria on the one side and Frederick and Bohemians on the other. • 4. The Battle of White Mountain outside Prague in 1620 ended in the temporary defeat of Protestantism in Germany by the Catholic general Tilly in 1623. Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia.

Second Episode (Danish Intervention) • 1. The war between 1625 and 1629 was begun to protect the northern German Protestant states from the fate of Bohemia. • 2. Christian IV of Denmark came to the aid of the German princes but was defeated by Emperor Ferdinand II. • 3. In 1629 the Edict of Restitution was declared by Ferdinand II. It ordered that: – 1. All lands of the Roman Church that had been taken by Protestants since 1552 should be surrendered. – 2. Protestants should be expelled from areas ruled by Catholic princes. – 3. Only Lutherans should have recognition and toleration. King Christian IV by Pieter Isaacsz, Frederiksborg Castle, Hillerød

Third Episode (Swedish Intervention) • 1. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden helped Protestants, and it brought the Swedish phase of the war between 1630 and 1635. • 2. The Swedish ruler wanted to make the Baltic a Swedish lake as well as to help his fellow Protestants. • 3. The imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire were defeated by the Protestants. The victory of Gustavus at the Battle • 4. As a result, Sweden got the territory of Adolphus of Breitenfeld (1631). the Baltic, and northern Germany was freed from domination by Roman Catholics, but southern Germany was not freed.

Fourth Episode (French and Swedish Intervention) • Interestingly enough, Roman Catholic France helped Protestants because Richelieu hoped to gain land for France and to bother the Hapsburg ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Portrait of Cardinal Richelieu, 1633– 40, Philippe de Champaigne, National Gallery, London Soldiers plundering a farm during the Thirty Years War by Sebastian Vrancx.

Directly against Emperor Indirectly against Emperor Directly for Emperor Indirectly for Emperor

Peace of Westphalia in 1648 • In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia ended the long. Treaties of Osnabrück and bloody war. It said that: Münster (Peace of Westphalia in 1648 – Holland Switzerland were recognized as independent Protestant states. – France, Sweden, and the tiny state that was to become Prussia made important gains of territory. – France became the dominant power in Europe. – Both Lutherans and Calvinism became recognized religions. – Protestants were given the right to hold offices in the state. – Lands that were Protestants in 1624 were permitted The Ratification of the Treaty to remain Protestant. of Münster, 15 May 1648 – It brought the end of religious persecution. (1648) by Gerard ter Borch – The Holy Roman Empire became a mere geographical term and lost its former political significance after the Peace of Westphalia.

5. Evangelize Many Nations • The sixteenth century was the great century of Roman Catholic missions. Spanish, Portuguese, and later French Jesuits, carried Roman Catholic faith to Latin America, Quebec, Southeastern Asia, and Angola and Mozambique in Africa. • China, which had received Nestorian Christianity in the seventh century and Roman Catholic Christianity about 1300 through John of Monte Corvino, received a third infusion of Christianity through the Jesuits. Matteo Ricci (1552 -1610), with his knowledge of mathematics and astronomy, his gift of clocks to the emperor, and his willingness to adapt to Chinese culture in dress and customs around 1601, had about 6, 000 followers. By 1700 the Jesuits in China claimed to have over 200, 000 followers. Matteo Ricci dressed in traditional Chinese robes.

5. Evangelize Many Nations— 2 • Francis Xavier (1506 -1552) landed in Japan in 1549, and by 1614 the monks claimed that 300, 000 Japanese were won. He also preached in India and East Indies. • Robert de Nobili (1577 -1656) planted the Roman Catholic Church in India. A painting of St. Francis Xavier, held in the Kobe City Museum. Saint Francis Xavier, SJ Roberto de Nobili

6. Propaganda by Index of books and apologetic writings. • If the development of printing in the middle of the fifteenth century helped the Protestants, the Roman Catholic Church developed the Index of Books which listed the books that the faithful Roman Catholics were not to read. The first Roman Index of Prohibited Books (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) was issued by Paul IV in 1559. The books of Erasmus and some Protestant editions of the Bible appeared on the list. The Index kept many Roman Catholics from reading Protestant literature, and the Inquisition forced many to recant their Protestant views. The Index was abolished in June 14, 1966 by Pope Paul VI. Title page of Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Venice 1564)

5. Evangelize Many Nations— 3 • The Philippine people turned as a nation to the Roman Catholic in the second half of the sixteenth century. Alexandre de Rhodes • Vietnam became the center of a strong Roman Catholic Church by 1650 through the efforts of Alexander de Rhodes (1591 -1660), a Jesuit from France. He gave the Vietnamese a written language. • Central and South America, through the Spanish and the Portuguese, and Quebec, through the French, were added. Ecclesiastical imperialism of Spain, Portugal, and France went with political imperialism. In all of this missionary expansion, the Jesuits had a leading role. Latin-Vietnamese catechism, written by Alexandre de Rhodes.

Apologetic Writings • Cardinal Caesar Baronius (1538 -1607) wrote twelve-volume Caesar Baronius at the Ecclesiastical Annals (1588 - wrote Request of 1607) to refute the Madgeburg Philip Neri Centuries, thirteen volumes, which pictured the papacy as Antichrist. Baronius argued that the Roman Catholic Church Annales had always been one and the Ecclesiastici, title page for same and true to the apostolic vol. IV (1601) in the Antwerp teaching. edition.

Results of the Reformation and Counter. Reformation: 1) The Roman Catholic Church was replaced by a series of national Protestant state churches in the lands where Protestantism was victorious. – Lutherans dominated the religious scene in Germany and Scandinavia. – Calvinism dominated Protestantism in Switzerland, Scotland, Holland, France, Bohemia, and Hungary. – England had set up the Anglican state church. – The radicals of the Reformation, the Anabaptists, had not set up state churches, but were strong, especially in Holland, northern Germany, and Switzerland. Later on, Anabaptists were opposed by the union of church and state as well as by the pope. They favored free churches of believers separated from any state control.

Results of the Reformation and Counter. Reformation: • 2) Changes and emphasis in Doctrinal understanding such as Justification by faith, Priesthood of all believers, authority of the Bible and etc. However they still had common agreement in: 1. the Apostle’ Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed 2. the doctrines of the Trinity and (except for the Socinians) the deity and resurrection of Christ, the Bible as a revelation from God, the fall of man, original sin, and the need of a moral life for the Christian

Results of the Reformation and Counter. Reformation— 2 : • 3). The Reformation helped to create a demand for universal elementary education, for if everyone was to interpret the Bible for himself, he must have some knowledge of reading. • 4). Insistence on the spiritual equality of people led to the ideology of political equality. Particularly, Calvinistic doctrines promoted the rise of democracy in both church and the state. Laymen were given a greater share in the government of the church.

Results of the Reformation and Counter. Reformation— 3 : • 5). The Reformation stimulated capitalism. The insistence on thrift, industry, and separation from costly amusements resulted in the creation of savings that could be used as capital for new economic ventures. • 6). The Reformation brought a much-needed revival of preaching. Luther was an excellent preacher of the Word. Calvin spent much of his time in preaching and teaching the Word.

Results of the Reformation and Counter. Reformation— 4 : • 7). The Reformation also had an impact on the Roman Catholic Church through the reformation in morals and the clear statement of dogma of the Counter-Reformation at Trent. The Jesuit order became the leader in Roman Catholic missionary work. • 8). By 1648 the main churches of the Christian religions (Lutherans, Reformed or Calvinistic, Anabaptists, and Anglican) were in existence.