AP Psych Exam Review 2015 Nature vs Nurture

AP Psych Exam Review 2015

Nature vs. Nurture- twin studies

Methods of Research ● ● hindsight bias overconfidence intuition ethical principles ● hypothesis ● random selection ● random assignment o names from a hat! ● experimentation o IV o DV o control group o experimental group

Parts of the Brain Hemisphere Specialization ● ● Left vs. Right Corpus Callosum Fissure Split Brain Patients o Michael Gazzaniga

Parts of the Brain Cerebral Cortex (Upper Brain) ● ● Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe o Motor cortex o Sensory cortex Association Areas: ❏ Frontal association area ❏ Prefrontal area ❏ Broca’s area ❏ Wernicke’s area

Parts of the Brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

Parts of the Brain ● Brain Stem o midbrain and hindbrain ● Midbrain o reticular formation ● Hindbrain o medulla o reticular formation o cerebellum o pons ● Forebrain o cerebral cortex o hypothalamus o limbic system

Brain Imaging Techniques 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. EEG CT scan PET scan- glucose! MRI f. MRI 4. 1. 2. 3.

Neurons and Neurotransmitters ● Agonist ● Antagonist ● ● ● ● resting potential depolarization threshold action potential repolarization absolute refractory period hyperpolarization

Nervous Systems ● Central o brain o spinal cord ● Peripheral o Everything else! § S. A. M. E. o Autonomic § sympathetic § parasympathetic o Somatic How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous systems? ?

Sensory Processes- the eye ● Major Parts of the eye: o o o o o cornea iris pupil lens retina rods and cones (aka photoreceptors) bipolar cells ganglion cells optic nerve o o o o white light fovea blind spot trichromatic color theory opponent process theory (after images) brightness (intensity) hue (wavelength- smurfs, leprechauns, clifford) ● Major components of the visual process: ● Where does transduction take place? ? ?

Sensory Processes- the ear ● Parts of the ear: ● ● Middle Ear- HAS 3 tiny bones o hammer, anvil. stirrup o malleus, incus, stapes o Damage? conduction hearing loss Inner Earo cochlea o basilar membrane o cilia o Damage? sensorineural hearing loss ● Audition Process: o o o pitch (frequency) loudness (amplitude) place theory frequency theory sound localization ● Where does transduction take place? ? ?

Sensory Processes ● Gustation- taste ● Olfaction- smell ● Somatic senses- touch o gate control theory § substance p and endorphins ● Other senses: o Kinesthetic o Vestibular ● Absolute threshold ● Difference threshold o o Weber’s Law Signal Detection Theory

Perception ● Top down processing vs. Bottom up processing ● Gestalt principles o figure-ground, closure, etc. o o o visual cliff experiment binocular cues- retinal disparity monocular cues § relative size § relative motion § relative height § linear perspective § texture gradient ● Depth perception: ● Phi phenomenon ● Perceptual constancies o brightness, color, size, motion

Development and Key Theories ● Prenatal o Zygote, Embryo, Fetus § maturation § temperament § assimilation/accommodation schemas ● Late Adulthood o Intelligence- crystallized/fluid ● Piaget- cognitive development o 4 stages ● Vygotsky- cognitive

Development and Key Theories ● Kohlberg and Gilligano moral development ● Baumrindo parenting styles § § § permissive authoritative authoritarian ● Harlowo attachment § cloth vs. wire monkey with food ● Ainswortho attachment § strange situation experiment ● Lorenzo Imprinting

Development and Key Theories ● ● ● Erikson- Psychosocial Development Freud- Psychosexual Stages Neo-Freudians Oedipus Complex

Freud Personality Theory ● Levels of consciousness ● Personality structure o id, ego, superego o Oedipus Complex ● Defense mechanisms ● Projective tests o inkblot o TAT

Emotion and Stress ● James-Lange Theory ● Cannon-Bard Theory ● Singer-Schacter (2 factor/cognitive) Theory General Adaptation System ARE you stressed? Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

Statistics ● Normal distribution o 68% within 1 SD o 96% within 2 SD ● Descriptive statistics o correlation o strongest closest to 1 or -1 ● Inferential statistics o statistical significance o p value less than/equal to. 05

Learning ● Classical Conditioning o Pavlov ● Operant Conditioning o Skinner o Watson ● Observational/Social Learning o Bandura ● ● generalization discrimination extinction schedules of reinforcement o partial/variable o ratio/interval

Memory and Cognition

Theories of Motivation ● Drive reduction theory ● Optimum arousal theory ● Incentive theory ● Instinct theory ● Maslow’s theory of self-actualization

Abnormal- disorders ● DSM- 5 Disorder Categories: ● anxiety o ● ● trauma/stress related o PTSD, OCD o MDD, PDD, DMDD o bipolar 1, bipolar 2, other bipolar depressive disorders bipolar and related dissociative o ● somatic symptom, conversion neurodevelopmental o ● ● amnesia, fugue, DID somatoform o ● Generalized anxiety disorders, Panic disorders, Specific Phobias, Social Anxiety Disorder, Agoraphobia ASD schizophrenia personality disorders

Abnormal- treatment ● Psychoanalysis (Psychodynamic) o Freud, free association, resistance, transference, dream interpretation ● Humanism o o clients! Carl Rogers, active listening, unconditional positive regard, gestalt ● Behavioral o Mary Cover Jones, counterconditioning, aversive conditioning, systematic desensitization ● Cognitive o Aaron Beck, change thoughts! o Albert Ellis, ABC model- rational emotive therapy o communication, problem solving, common goals o psychoactive drugs, ECT, psychosurgery ● Cognitive-Behavioral ● Group and Family therapy ● Biomedical