Adolescent Psychosocial Development Chapter 16 Human Development Learning

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Adolescent Psychosocial Development Chapter 16 Human Development & Learning

Adolescent Psychosocial Development Chapter 16 Human Development & Learning

Hail Mary, full of grace! The Lord is with thee; blessed art thou among

Hail Mary, full of grace! The Lord is with thee; blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Crises Age Crisis I (0 -1) trust vs mistrust II (2 -3)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Crises Age Crisis I (0 -1) trust vs mistrust II (2 -3) -- toddler autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt Relations Themes Virtue Malignancies mother to get, to give in return HOPE sensory maladjustment - withdrawal parents to hold on, to let go WILL impulsivity -- compulsion III (3 -6) to play, to go PURPOSE ruthlessness— family preschool after (imagination) inhibition IV (7 -12 or so) to complete, neighborhood to make COMPETENC industry vs. Narrow / school-age things inferiority E virtuosity-inertia school child together to be V (12 -18 or identity vs. peer oneself, to Fanaticismso) role groups/role FIDELITY share Repudiation adolescence confusion models oneself

Erikson’s Theory Psychosocial Crisis Identity vs. Role-Confusion Virtue and Malignancies FIDELITY Fanaticism vs. Repudiation:

Erikson’s Theory Psychosocial Crisis Identity vs. Role-Confusion Virtue and Malignancies FIDELITY Fanaticism vs. Repudiation: The rejection or refusal of a duty, relation, right, or privilege. Repudiation of a contract means a refusal to perform the duty or obligation owed to the other party. Knowles’ has suggested the term Faintheartedness (half sure, half hearted) Fanaticism: Marked by a wildly excessive or irrational devotion, dedication, or enthusiasm Fidelity: Faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support. How do these terms apply here?

Moratorium � Moratorium: A suspension of activity or an authorized period of delay or

Moratorium � Moratorium: A suspension of activity or an authorized period of delay or waiting � Psychosocial Moratorium: When a person takes a break from “real life” to actively search for their identity �Allowed for during adolescence in developed countries � Role for adolescents not clearly define � Adolescents not required to go straight into the workforce. �Is it necessarily beneficial?

Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity �Identity diffusion �individuals have not yet experienced a crisis

Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity �Identity diffusion �individuals have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments �undecided and uninterested in occupational and ideological choices �Identity foreclosure �have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis �parents hand down commitments to their adolescents before they have had a chance to explore different options on their own

Marcia’s statuses cont. �Identity moratorium �individuals in the midst of a crisis but whose

Marcia’s statuses cont. �Identity moratorium �individuals in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined �Identity achievement �individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment (Marcia, 1980, 1994) How do these relate to Erikson’s theory?

(c) 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

(c) 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Identity �Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces, including these: �vocational/career identity �political

Identity �Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces, including these: �vocational/career identity �political identity �religious identity �relationship identity �achievement; intellectual identity �sexual identity �cultural/ethnic identity �interests �personality �physical identity

Some comments on the text… �More then 4 aspects of identity �“Political identity (now

Some comments on the text… �More then 4 aspects of identity �“Political identity (now referred to as ethnic identity), ” p. 435 �“Vocational identity needed to be established when adolescent choices led to one career lifelong. Obviously, such vocational identity is no longer relevant, ” p. 436 �“Erikson’s terms sexual identity has been replaced by gender identity, ” p. 436 ? ? ?

Rites of Passage �Rite of passage -- ceremony or ritual that marks an individual’s

Rites of Passage �Rite of passage -- ceremony or ritual that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another �gain access to sacred adult practices, to knowledge, and to sexuality �often involve some form of ritual death and rebirth, or by means of contact with the spiritual world (Kottak, 2004)

Sacraments as a Rite of Passage and/or Developmental Framework “The seven sacraments touch all

Sacraments as a Rite of Passage and/or Developmental Framework “The seven sacraments touch all the stages and all the important moments of Christian life: they give birth and increase, healing and mission to the Christian’s life of faith. There is thus a certain resemblance between the stages of natural life and the stages of the spiritual life” (Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 1210). �We can think of the seven sacraments as a developmental framework guiding the human person towards his ultimate purpose. Some of them are clearly recognizable as rites of passage. Each presents a crisis in that we can participate in them authentically or inauthentically. (c) 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

�What would it look like to participate in a sacrament in an authentic vs.

�What would it look like to participate in a sacrament in an authentic vs. an inauthentic way? �Recognizing that we are assured a measure of grace through the sacraments, we can be differently disposed towards them (e. g. , improperly disposed, somewhere in between? ). �I think of authentic participation as a kind of balance between taking responsibility for one’s part and recognizing the limits of our responsibility…or where grace begins, perhaps? (c) 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

For example: Baptism? � What might it look like for parents to have their

For example: Baptism? � What might it look like for parents to have their infant baptized in an authentic/properly disposed mode vs. a fallen mode? � Some fallen modes: �I will raise my child to remain in the Faith by my own efforts. (Taking all responsibility…not recognizing personal limits. ) �I will present my child for Baptism, but teach them what I want regardless of whether it is consistent with the Faith. (Empty gesture. ) �I will present my child for Baptism, but it is the Church’s responsibility to educate them. (No responsibility. ) � Authentic mode: Parents as mindful stewards of their children. (These are just my ideas. What do you think? What about the other sacraments? )

Sacraments Continued The sacraments serve as a means for the development of individual participants

Sacraments Continued The sacraments serve as a means for the development of individual participants in the Church community, but they also help preserve the identity of the community. How so?

Do we have rites of passage for American adolescents? �We do not have universal

Do we have rites of passage for American adolescents? �We do not have universal formal ceremonies to mark passage from adolescence to adulthood �What do we have?

Old and New Models �Old model -- as adolescents mature they detach themselves from

Old and New Models �Old model -- as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents �parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence �New model emphasizes parents as important attachment figures and support systems �in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe �everyday negotiations and minor disputes not only are normal but serve a positive function

Autonomy and Attachment �Adolescence can be a time of pushing for autonomy. �As the

Autonomy and Attachment �Adolescence can be a time of pushing for autonomy. �As the adolescent pushes for autonomy, the wise adult relinquishes control where the adolescent can make reasonable decisions, but continues to guide the adolescent �Boys are given more independence than girls �Secure attachment may be important in adolescents’ relationships with their parents (Collins & Steinberg, 2006)

Parent-Adolescent Conflict � Parent-adolescent conflict peaks in early adolescence, particularly between mother and daughter.

Parent-Adolescent Conflict � Parent-adolescent conflict peaks in early adolescence, particularly between mother and daughter. � Much of the conflict involves the everyday events of family life, bickering � The conflicts rarely involve major dilemmas such as drugs or delinquency � Conflict with parents often escalates during early adolescence, remains somewhat stable during the high school years, and then lessens as adolescence end � Serves several purposes: � Catalyst for growth in adolescent’s social maturity � Resolution of differences can bring them closer � What else?

Aspects of Family Closeness �Communication: Do they talk openly? �Support: Do they rely on

Aspects of Family Closeness �Communication: Do they talk openly? �Support: Do they rely on one another? �Connectedness: How emotionally close are they? �Control: Do parents encourage or limit adolescent maturity? �How much connectedness and control are healthy? �Example of teen mother on page 440. �Parental monitoring: warm parenting or expression of suspicion?

Positive Parenting �Show warmth and respect, and avoid being too controlling or too permissive

Positive Parenting �Show warmth and respect, and avoid being too controlling or too permissive �Demonstrate sustained interest in their lives by spending time and by monitoring their activities �Understand adapt to their cognitive and socioemotional development �Communicate expectations for high standards of conduct and achievement �Recognize that moderate conflict is normal �Deal with problems and conflict constructively �Understand that adolescents don’t become adults overnight

�Adolescents who think that their parents don’t acknowledge their growing maturity may not share

�Adolescents who think that their parents don’t acknowledge their growing maturity may not share developmentally important experiences with them in favor of friends who are perceived as more supportive and respectful.

Parenting Styles: A 1 -year study �Authoritative: positive psychosocial development, school achievement, internalized distress,

Parenting Styles: A 1 -year study �Authoritative: positive psychosocial development, school achievement, internalized distress, and behavior problems. �Authoritarian: good adjustment in all areas except internalized distress. �Permissive-indulgent: good interpersonal relationships with peers and family, decline in academic performance, increase in school misconduct �Permissive-indifferent: poorest adjustment at beginning, sharp decrease in work and school adjustment, increase in delinquency and Steinberg et al. 1994 2300 14 -18 years olds substance abuse.

Non-parental adults �Other adults may serve as mentors �More likely to be relatives than

Non-parental adults �Other adults may serve as mentors �More likely to be relatives than non-relatives

Peer Groups �Standards of peer groups and the influence of crowds and cliques become

Peer Groups �Standards of peer groups and the influence of crowds and cliques become increasingly important during adolescence �Peer pressure -- conformity to peer standards �Cliques -- small groups ranging from two to about 12; members are usually same sex and about the same age; develop an in-group identity �Crowds -- larger and less personal groups; membership based on reputation; and they may or may not spend much time together

Friendship �Friendships: �Provide emotional support �Facilitate formation of identity �Compared to friendships during middle

Friendship �Friendships: �Provide emotional support �Facilitate formation of identity �Compared to friendships during middle childhood, adolescent friendships: �are more permanent �Involve greater loyalty �Require mutual understanding and intimacy, not just participation in shared activities

Friendship (cont) �Same-sex friendships �Opposite-sex friendships �Interethnic friendship �Friendship selection: �Selection �Facilitation �Deviancy training

Friendship (cont) �Same-sex friendships �Opposite-sex friendships �Interethnic friendship �Friendship selection: �Selection �Facilitation �Deviancy training

Dating and Romantic Relationships �Dating can be a form of recreation, a source of

Dating and Romantic Relationships �Dating can be a form of recreation, a source of status, a setting for learning about close relationships, and a way of finding a mate �In early exploration, there is often comfort in numbers, and teens begin hanging out together in mixed-sex groups �Cyberdating is popular, especially among middle school students

Sociocultural Contexts and Dating �Influence may be seen in differences in dating patterns among

Sociocultural Contexts and Dating �Influence may be seen in differences in dating patterns among ethnic groups �Values, religious beliefs, and traditions often dictate �the age at which dating begins �how much freedom in dating is allowed �whether dates must be chaperoned by adults or parents �the roles of males and females in dating

Dating and Adjustment �There is a link between dating and romantic relationships with measures

Dating and Adjustment �There is a link between dating and romantic relationships with measures of adjustment �Those who date are more likely �to be accepted by peers �to be perceived as more physically attractive �Early dating and “going with” someone is associated with adolescent pregnancy and problems at home and school (Barber, 2006; Fisher, 2006) (Furman, Ho, & Low, 2005) (Florsheim, Moore, & Edgington, 2003)

Dating in Gay and Lesbian Youth �Many sexual minority youth date other-sex peers, which

Dating in Gay and Lesbian Youth �Many sexual minority youth date other-sex peers, which can help them �clarify their sexual orientation �disguise it from others �Relatively few have same-sex romantic relationships because of limited opportunities and social disapproval of same-sex relationships (Savin-Williams & Diamond, 2004) (Diamond, 2003) Sexual orientation: direction of a person’s erotic desires Unconscious sexual orientation?

Sex Education �Abstinence only sex education �Does not actually predict abstinence �Less knowledge about

Sex Education �Abstinence only sex education �Does not actually predict abstinence �Less knowledge about preventing disease and pregnancy �Not shown to effect number of partners and use of contraceptive �Comprehensive sex education �Includes safe-sex information �Is there something better? !? !? !!? What does it look like?

Depression �Adolescent girls consistently have higher rates of depression than adolescent boys �Family factors

Depression �Adolescent girls consistently have higher rates of depression than adolescent boys �Family factors place adolescents at risk for developing depression �Poor peer relationships are associated with adolescent depression �Problems in adolescent romantic relationships can also trigger depression, especially for girls (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007) (Eley & others, 2004) (Kistner, 2006) (Davila & Steinberg, 2006)

Suicide �Suicide behavior escalates in adolescence and then increases further in emerging adulthood �Suicide

Suicide �Suicide behavior escalates in adolescence and then increases further in emerging adulthood �Suicide is the third-leading cause of death in ages 10 – 19 �Although a suicide threat should always be taken seriously, far more adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than actually commit it (Park & others, 2006) (National Center for Health Statistics, 2005) (Mazza, 2005)

Gender Differences in Suicide �Females were more likely to attempt �Males were more likely

Gender Differences in Suicide �Females were more likely to attempt �Males were more likely to succeed in committing suicide �Males use more lethal means, such as guns �Females are more likely to cut their wrists or take an overdose of sleeping pills �Lesbian and gay male adolescents may be especially vulnerable to suicide

Delinquency �Juvenile delinquent -- label applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or

Delinquency �Juvenile delinquent -- label applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal � 2002 -- juvenile court caseloads 3 males: 1 female �delinquency rates among minority groups and lower- socioeconomic-status youth are especially high �one issue is whether an adolescent who commits a crime should be tried as an adult (National Center for Juvenile Justice, 2006) (Redding, 2005)

Causes of Delinquency �Many causes have been proposed, including heredity, identity problems, community influences,

Causes of Delinquency �Many causes have been proposed, including heredity, identity problems, community influences, and family experiences �Adolescents with a negative identity may find support for their delinquent image among peers, reinforcing the negative identity �norms of many lower-SES peer groups and gangs are antisocial

�Parental monitoring is especially important in determining whether an adolescent becomes a delinquent �Family

�Parental monitoring is especially important in determining whether an adolescent becomes a delinquent �Family discord and inconsistent and inappropriate discipline and sibling influences are also associated with delinquency �having delinquent peers greatly increases the risk of becoming delinquent (Coley, Morris, & Hernandez, 2004) (Bor, Mc. Gee, & Fagan, 2004) (Dishion & Dodge, 2006)

Drug Use and Abuse �Prevalence and frequency of drug use increase from 10 -25

Drug Use and Abuse �Prevalence and frequency of drug use increase from 10 -25 and then decrease. �Use before 18 is best predictor of later abuse.