1815 1871 isms After effects of the French
- Slides: 15
1815 -1871 ‘isms After effects of the French Revolution
Conservatism Edmund Burke • Critique of the French Revolution • Natural rights dangerous to social order • Authority based tradition • Slow change over time Joseph Maistre • Church is foundation for society • Authority comes from God • Monarchs should crush attempts at reform
Nationalism • Identity based on nation • Loyalty to nation is more important than loyalty to king or local lord • Language, history and literature to create a common past
Liberalism Declaration of the Rights of Man • Individual natural rights • Limit political power with constitutions • Creation of representative parliamentary bodies • Freedom of press, religion, equality under the law Adam Smith and Laissez-faire
Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill • “greatest good for the greatest number” • The state may need to intervene to achieve economic justice
Socialism Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen • “Utopian Socialists” • Economic equality through common ownership of all property
Political Uncertainty France • Louis XVIII became King of France after Napoleon • Ruled as a constitutional monarch • No popular sovereignty • Limited franchise • Only king could introduce laws
Political Uncertainty France • Charles X became king in 1824 Conservatism • Law of Sacrilege July Ordinances • Dissolved assembly • Took away suffrage from bourgeoisie • censorship
Political Uncertainty France • July Revolution 1830 • Louis Phillipe made King • Creation of the bourgeoisie monarchy
Political Uncertainty Spain • Ferdinand VII restored after fall of Napoleon, agreed to follow constitution of 1812 • Once restored, he dissolved the Cortes (legislature), persecuted liberals • Rebellion in 1820 army and middle class • King agreed to rule by constitution Concert of Europe • France, supported by Russia, Prussia and Austria • Restored as an absolute monarch 1822
Political Uncertainty Italy • King Ferdinand of Naples agreed to rule as constitutional monarch • Once restored, refused to give up absolute power • Bourgeoisie and nationalist revolt Troppau Protocol • European powers had right to intervene in revolutionary situations • Austria intervened, put down revolt
Political Uncertainty Greece • Revolt against Ottoman Rule in 1821 • Britain, France and Russia intervened to help Greeks • Independence in 1832 Serbia • Gained independence from Ottomans in 1830
Political Uncertainty Russia • Nicolas I r. 1825 -1855 • “Decembrist” revolt, supported Constitutional Monarchy • Put down with violence • Ruled with an iron fist
Political Uncertainty Great Britain Conservatism following French Rev. • Peterloo Massacre- wanted universal male suffrage, annual parliaments • Six Acts- banned demonstrations, imposed censorship
Political Uncertainty Great Britain • Gradual Reform • Combinations Acts repealed 1829 (unions) • Great Reform Bill 1832 - expanded electorate (15 male voters), representative districts • Poor Law 1834 - miserable workhouses for poor • Factory Act of 1833 - limited hours children work • Corn Laws – ended tariffs on grain
