10 12 2017 Congress of Vienna Enduring Issues

10 -12 -2017 Congress of Vienna (Enduring Issues –Power & Impact of Cooperation) Aim: How did the Congress of Vienna attempt to undo the French Revolution? Do Now: Period 1 - 2 Notebook Quiz How did the French Revolution and Napoleon’s Empire impact the world outside of France? Include at least two pieces of evidence to support your answer.

Europe under Napoleon

Napoleon’s Legacy • Napoleon’s replacing king of Spain set off rebellions in Spanish America; many former colonies of Spain and Portugal gain independence. On the world stage, Napoleon’s conquests spread the ideas of the revolution and nationalism. Napoleon failed to make Europe into a French empire. • Napoleon turned France into a centralized state with a constitution. Elections were held with expanded, though limited, suffrage. • Many more citizens had rights to property and access to education. French citizens lost many rights promised to them during the Convention. • The abolition of the Holy Roman Empire would eventually contribute to the creation of a new Germany. • Napoleon’s decision to sell France’s Louisiana Territory to America doubled the size of the United States and ushered in an age of American expansion.

The Fall of Napoleon • Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his eventual downfall. • Napoleon strikes Britain through blockade—forced closing of ports; Continental System—Napoleon’s economic plan to strengthen Europe and weaken Britain by blockading British ports. • Britain alone remained outside Napoleon’s empire – he was unsuccessful in trying to control Britain • Smugglers and uncooperative allies make France’s blockade fail; Britain responds with blockade of its own, led by its stronger navy; Americans fight Britain in War of 1812; war does no major damage to Britain.

Wars on the Peninsula and in Russia • Napoleon sends troops across Spain to attack Portugal, causing protest; Napoleon makes his brother king of Spain, making things worse. • Spanish fight as guerrillas—small groups that attacked and then disappear; British aid Spanish guerrillas; Napoleon loses 300, 000 soldiers during this Peninsular War; Nationalist rebels fight the French in other conquered territories. • Relations with Russia break down, Napoleon decides to invade; in June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420, 000 men; Russians use scorchedearth policy—destroying crops, livestock. • In September 1812, Russians retreat from Moscow after Battle of Borodino; Napoleon finds Moscow abandoned and burning; Napoleon retreats, losing thousands of soldiers to raids, cold weather.

Downfall and The “Hundred Days” • Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon; Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick defeat by allied powers; Napoleon finally surrenders and is exiled to island of Elba. • Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown and Napoleon returns from exile; Battle of Waterloo— British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon’s army; This defeat ends Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last attempt at power.

• Which statement best describes a consequence of Napoleon’s failure to understand Russian geography? (1) Rough waters in the Baltic Sea destroyed his fleet. (2) A harsh winter cut off his army from needed supplies. (3) His armies could not cross the high Ural Mountains. (4) A long period of high temperatures and lack of water overcame his troops.

Congress of Vienna (1815) • Five European “great powers” – Austria – Prussia – Russia – Great Britain – France

Activity • Students will read. • Answer the questions that follow the reading in your notebook.

Representatives of Austria • Foreign Minister, Prince Klemens von Metternich l Emperor Francis I of Austria

Representatives of Prussia • Karl von Hardenberg l Wilhelm von Humboldt l King Frederick William III of Prussia

Representatives of Russia Count Karl Nesselrode • Czar Alexander I of Russia

Representatives of Great Britain • Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh Arthur Wellesley, 1 st Duke of Wellington Richard Trench, 2 nd Earl of Clancarty

Representatives of France • Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the governments of Europe reacted to the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon by attempting to (1) restore old regimes to power (2) spread the idea of democracy (3) encourage nationalist movements (4) promote the European free-trade zone • Who was the man whose ideas and aims dominated the Congress of Vienna and after whom the age of reaction, from the fall of Napoleon to the Revolutions of 1848, is named? 1. Alexander I 2. Castlereagh 3. Hardenburg 4. Metternich •

Goals • • Establish lasting peace and stability in Europe Prevent future French aggression Restore balance of power Restore royal families to thrones

Actions Taken Formed Kingdom of the Netherlands Created German Confederation Recognized independence of Switzerland Added Genoa to Kingdom of Sardinia Required France to return territories conquered by Napoleon but left France a major power • Affirmed principle of legitimacy • • •

Legacy • Short-term – Conservatives regained control of governments – Triggered revolts in colonies • Long-term – Created an age of peace in Europe – Diminished power of France and increased power of Britain and Prussia – Sparked growth of nationalism

Klemens von Metternich’s efforts to establish peace and stability • Metternich sought to maintain peace between European nations by creating a balance of power among rival countries so no country would be a threat to the others. To guard against revolutions, he set up a series of alliances called the Concert of Europe, which required nations to help one another if a revolution erupted.

Final Summary How did the Congress of Vienna set a precedent for “future post-war resolutions? ” • Answer the aim question: How did the Congress of Vienna attempt to undo the French Revolution? Support your answer using at least 2 -3 pieces of evidence from any of your readings, class notes, and/ or homework.

Addendum -Test Prep • Which statement about nationalism is most accurate? 1. It becomes a unifying force among a people 2. It encourages diversity within nation-states. 3. It prevents the rise of militarism. 4. It eliminates the ethnic identities of different groups. • The majority of Revolutions from 1830 to 1848 1. Failed and returned to conservatism 2. Ended with liberal constitutions 3. Gave equal rights to the working classes 4. Brought about nationalistic unifications