1 Monday Week 1 Lecture Jeff Eldred Longitudinal

2 Jeffrey Eldred (TA) • Graduated with Ph. D December 2015 • Indiana University

3 Overview 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. RF Cavities Longitudinal Dynamics RF bucket phase-space

6 Numerically Calc. Eigenmodes Credit: University of Rostock

9 Change in Momentum Fractional Momentum: RF Acc. Per Pass: Change Momentum per unit

10 Phase-Slip Factor η The arrival time of the particle depends on the momentum:

13 Hamiltonian & Separatrix Hamiltonian: Separatrix: Stable Phase-space Area:

20 RF Acceleration • A fixed frequency beam longitudinally focuses the beam into a

23 Stable Phase-space Area as a function of φs

24 Other Examples of Longitudinal RF Dynamics

29 Harmonic RF 2 nd Harmonic RF: In general you could imagine:

30 Harmonic RF for H- injection Credit: JPARC

31 Harmonic RF for Ph-Sp Dilution Credit: A. Pham

32 Bunch Rotation by Quadrupole Resonance

Slides: 34

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1 Monday Week 1 Lecture Jeff Eldred Longitudinal Dynamics, RF manipulations

2 Jeffrey Eldred (TA) • Graduated with Ph. D December 2015 • Indiana University working with Shyh-Yuan Lee • Worked at Fermilab on PIP-II upgrade • Slip-stacking and Electron Cloud. Postdoc at Fermilab on IOTA experiment Nonlinear transverse dynamics, Landau damping, space-charge compensation, modern ring-design Kilean Hwang (grader) • Graduating with Ph. D this semester • Indiana University working with Shyh-Yuan Lee • Dipole fringe fields • Electrostatic storage rings using EDM.

3 Overview 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. RF Cavities Longitudinal Dynamics RF bucket phase-space RF acceleration Other RF dynamics

4 Longitudinal Motion of Particle Beams

5 Credit: FNAL Rookie Book

6 Numerically Calc. Eigenmodes Credit: University of Rostock

7 Credit: Q. Wu, S. Belomestnykh W. Xu

8 Energy in one pass through cavity

9 Change in Momentum Fractional Momentum: RF Acc. Per Pass: Change Momentum per unit time: Sinesoidal potential:

10 Phase-Slip Factor η The arrival time of the particle depends on the momentum: Higher momentum particles may arrive earlier or later than lower momentum particles: We can write the change in phase per unit time using the phase-slip factor:

11 Longitudinal Focusing

12 Phase-space Motion

13 Hamiltonian & Separatrix Hamiltonian: Separatrix: Stable Phase-space Area:

14 Perturbation of Synchrotron Motion

15 Stable Beams

16 Perturbation of Stable Beams

17 Slipping Beams

18 Perturbation of Slipping Beams

19 Accelerating Buckets

20 RF Acceleration • A fixed frequency beam longitudinally focuses the beam into a several beam “bunches” in individual RF “buckets”. • Particles in the bucket can be accelerated by adiabatically changing the RF frequency, the other particles are lost.

21 Credit: X. Kang SY. Lee

22 0 15 30 45

23 Stable Phase-space Area as a function of φs

24 Other Examples of Longitudinal RF Dynamics

25 Transition Crossing

26 Phase-Focusing & Acceleration

27 Phase-space at Transition

28 RF + Harmonic RF Cavities

29 Harmonic RF 2 nd Harmonic RF: In general you could imagine:

30 Harmonic RF for H- injection Credit: JPARC

31 Harmonic RF for Ph-Sp Dilution Credit: A. Pham

32 Bunch Rotation by Quadrupole Resonance

34 Credit: X. Yang