The Seattle Longitudinal Study Past Present and Future

The Seattle Longitudinal Study: Past, Present and Future K. Warner Schaie, Ph. D. Sherry L. Willis, Ph. D. University of Washington

Acknowledgements Funded in part by Grant R 13 AG 030995 -01 A 1 from the National Institute on Aging The views expressed in written conference materials or publications and by speakers and moderators do not necessarily reflect the official policies of the Department of Health and Human Services; nor does mention by trade names, commercial practices, or organizations imply endorsement by the U. S. Government.

Work on the Seattle Longitudinal Study, data from which are reported here, has been supported by grants from: The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 00367, 1963 -1965; HD 04476, 1970 -1973) and the National Institute of Aging (AG 00480, 1973 -1979; AG 03544, 1982 -1986; (AG 04470, 1984 -1989; AG 08055, 1980 -2006; currently AG 024102, 2005 -2015 and AG 027759, 2006 -2008).

Scientific Collaborators Elizabeth Aylward Paul Baltes Ute Bayen Hayden Bothworth Julie Boron Barbara Buech Heather Chipuer Theresa Cooney Ranjana Dutta Dennis Gerstorf Judith Gonda Kathy Gribbin Christopher Hertzog Robert Intrieri Alfred Kaszniak Iseli Krauss Karen Lala Thomas Ledermann Heiner Maier Scott Maitland John Nesselroade Ha Nguyen Iris Parham Robert Plomin Margaret Quayhagen Andrew Revell Amy Roth Lindsay Ryan Vicki Stone Charles Strother Nicholas Turiano Gisela Vief Elizabeth Zelinski Thomas Barrett Paul Borghesani Grace Caskie Cindy de Frias Michael Gilewski Ann Gruber-Baldini Gina Jay Eric Labouvie Tara Madhyastha Ann Nardi Ann O’Hanlon Samuel Popkin Anne Richards John Schulenberg Linda Teri Faika Zanjan

The Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS) Major Topics Age Changes and Age Differences Antecedents of Individual Differences in Aging Cohort & Generational Differences Interventions to Slow Cognitive Aging Family Studies Midlife Precursors of Cognitive Decline or Maintenance in Old Age

Conceptual Model of the SLS

Design of the Seattle Longitudinal Study 1956 1963 Study Waves 1970 1977 1984 1991 S 1 T 2 S 1 T 3 1998 2005 S 1 T 4 S 1 T 5 S 1 T 6 S 1 T 7 S 1 T 8 (N = 500) (N = 303) (N = 162) (N = 130) (N = 92) (N = 71) (N = 38) (N = 26) S 2 T 2 S 2 T 4 S 2 T 5 S 2 T 6 S 2 T 7 S 2 T 8 S 2 T 3 (N = 997) (N = 420) S 3 T 3 (N = 337) (N = 204) (N = 161) (N = 104) S 3 T 4 S 3 T 5 S 3 T 6 S 3 T 7 S 4 T 4 S 4 T 5 S 4 T 6 S 4 T 7 (N = 705) (N = 340) (N = 225) (N = 175) (N = 127) (N = 74) S 3 T 8 (N = 93) S 4 T 8 (N = 612) (N = 294) (N = 201) (N = 136) (N = 119) S 5 T 5 S 5 T 6 S 5 T 7 S 5 T 8 (N = 628) (N = 428) (N = 266) (N = 186) S 6 T 6 S 6 T 7 S 6 T 8 (N = 693) (N = 406) (N = 288) S = Sample; T = Time of Measurement S 7 T 7 S 7 T 8 (N = 719) (N = 421)

Cognitive Personlaity 5 PMA: Voc Reason, Number Space Fluency TBR 6 Factors: Verbal Space Number Reason Memory Speed NEO Everyday Problems 13 PF Neuropsych Lifestyle Health Biomarkers 8 Activity Domains ICD-A APO-E Self Report Lipids Homocystene C-Reactive Pharmacy Neuroimaging Work Enviornment (Moos, Schooler) Family Environment Demographics

ABILITIES Verbal Comprehension Spatial Orientation Inductive Reasoning Numeric Facility Perceptual Speed Verbal Memory

Examples of Ability Test Items

TBR Measures: Examples A. Psychomotor Speed: Composite of Two Measures: 1. Copying Paragraph “The DUKE carried a Sword. ” 2. Giving Antonyms or Synonyms a. White - Black b. White - Pale B. Motor Cognitive Flexibility (Set Shifting): Composite of Measures 1. Ratio: Speed of Copying/Speed of Set Shifting (“The DUKE carried a Sword. ”/”t. HE duke CARRIED A s. WORD” 2. Ratio: Antonyms or Synonyms Antonyms: WHITE - Black Synonyms: white - pale C. Attitudinal Flexibility: Questionnaire (T/F) “It bothers me if people can’t make up their mind. ” “I would go into a theatre without buying a ticket. ”

Cross-Sectional Age Differences

Longitudinal Age Changes

Longitudinal Changes: Cognitive Styles (TBR Factors)

Separating Cohort Differences from AGE Changes

Studying Cohort/Generational Differences: Cohort Studies Family Studies

Cohort Studies

Cohort Effects in Cognitive Styles (TBR)

The Family (Generational) Study Family Similarity in Intellectual Competence Family Similarity in Cognitive Style Similarity in Perception of Family Environment

Generational Difference in Abilities

New Family Studies Third Generation Study Studies of Rate of Change

Rate of Cognitive Change Inductive Reasoning

Rate of Cognitive Change Verbal Ability

Cohort Differences in Cognitive Aging: Higher Levels Shallower Rates of Decline among Later-Born Cohorts Fluid Abilities: Inductive Reasoning Crystallized Abilities: Verbal Meaning 0. 60 SD * 60 70 80 0. 57 SD * 50 50 60 70 80 Later-born cohorts (1914– 1948) Note. Models covaried for gender, education, and presence of circulatory diseases. Earlier-born cohorts (1883– 1913) Note. * p <. 01 Gerstorf et al. , 2009

Impact of Demographic Characteristics Education Occupation

Verbal Ability and Education

Verbal Ability and Occupation

Cognitive Interventions to Slow Aging Remediation or New Learning Need for Longitudinal Data Targets of Intervention Transfer of Training Maintenance of Effects

Design of Training Study within SLS

Results of Cognitive Training

Maintenance of Cognitive Training Over 14 Years

Early Detection of Risk of Dementia Neuropsychology Studies in Community Dwelling Persons Genetic Studies: The Apo. E Gene Cognitive Training as Early Predictor of Impairment

Population Screened

Training and Cognitive Impairment: 28 -Year Data

Correlating Autopsy Findings with Cognitive Change

Current and Future Work with the Seattle Longitudinal Study Midlife Cognitive Change and Risk of Cognitive Decline

Key Questions: Is cognitive status and change in midlife predictive of Subsequent cognitive risk Successful aging Is midlife cognitive change related to brain volume and rate of change in brain volume? What behavioral and health factors are related to cognitive change in midlife and old age?

Background: Stability of cognitive functioning is normative in midlife Longitudinal studies indicate subgroups with cognitive decline or gain Prospective dementia studies indicate lengthy preclinical phase beginning in late midlife Multi-ability involvement in preclinical phase Cognitive reserve appears to develop early and may reduce risk of cognitive impairment Limited study of brain-behavior associations in midlife

SLS Sample: Older Cohort (b 1914 - 1941) Ability data available in midlife and old age N = 332 Middle Age Cohort (b 1942 - 1962) Ability data available in midlife N = 321

Development of Midlife Cognitive Risk Profile: 3 Abilities associated with Cognitive Impairment Episodic Memory Reliable decline, stable, or gain in midlife Executive Functioning Reliable decline, stable, or gain in midlife Psychomotor Speed Reliable decline, stable, or gain in midlife

Specificity of Midlife Change Patterns: Longitudinal Data Midlife Decline on Episodic Memory Midlife Gain on Episodic Memory

Long term Outcomes of Midlife Cognitive Change: Hippocampal Volume in Old Age Scan MA Scan OA Scan MA Adjusted means: ICV, Memory score age 60 Gainer - Old Age Scan OA Decliner - Old Age Borghesani et al. 2010

Midlife Predictors: Level and Rate of Change in Memory & Executive Functions (Predictors Common to Memory and Executive versus Unique to One Ability) EXAGE 46 . 37** MCR -. 14 COMORBIDITY . 21* Ex Int EXAGE 60 Ex Lin EXAGE 67 -. 09* APOE 4 -. 24* EXAGE 53 Ex Quad EXAGE 74 . 06* Int ACTIVITIES . 37** TDLAGE 53 DR Int . 22** GENDER YR EDUC . 33** TDLAGE 60 . 28* TDLAGE 67 DR Lin TDLAGE 74 Willis et al. , 2010

Engagement in Midlife: Intellectual Activities

Work Environment in Midlife: Routinization in Work Activities

Societal Implications Normative Decline of Cognitive Abilities Does not Occur until the mid-60 s Decline Does not Become Substantial until the late 70 s or early 80 s Successive Generations Attain Higher Levels of Function and Show Later Decline Normative Decline can be Slowed by Cognitive Training High Level of Educational and Occupational Status and Stimulating Environments Support Maintenance of Cognitive Function in Old Age

Implications for Clinical Practice Cognitive Decline Prior to Age 60 May be an Indicator of Neuro- or Psychopathology Midlife Cognitive Decline May be a Predictor of High Risk of Dementia in Old Age Cognitive Training May be a Useful Intervention for Delaying Onset of Clinically Diagnosable Dementia

Reference: Schaie, K. W. (2005). Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. New York: Oxford University Press Web site URL: http: //www. uwpsychiatry. org/sls