Wilsonian Progressivism 1912 1916 PAGEANT CHAPTER 30 1

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Wilsonian Progressivism 1912 - 1916 PAGEANT CHAPTER 30

Wilsonian Progressivism 1912 - 1916 PAGEANT CHAPTER 30

1 a. Wilson & the Election of 1912 The Election of 1912 Democrats are

1 a. Wilson & the Election of 1912 The Election of 1912 Democrats are eyeing Dr. Woodrow Wilson for their candidate for president Former president of Princeton University Former governor of New Jersey Zealous, eloquent, a strong leader, and good with people Nominated by the Democratic Party Wilson is running against William Taft, who is running for re-election for the Republican Party Also in the race is Theodore Roosevelt, who formed his own party, the Progressive or Bull Moose Party

1 a. Wilson & the Election of 1912 The Election of 1912 was between

1 a. Wilson & the Election of 1912 The Election of 1912 was between two forms of progressivism 1) Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” – campaigned for female suffrage, social welfare, minimum wage laws, and social insurance 2) Wilson’s “New Freedom” – favored small businesses, free enterprise, unregulated but unmonopolized markets. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican ticket, so they pretty much handed the election to Woodrow Wilson who becomes the 28 th United States president and the second Democratic president since the Civil War

President Theodore Roosevelt

President Theodore Roosevelt

President William Howard Taft

President William Howard Taft

President Woodrow Wilson

President Woodrow Wilson

2 a. Wilsonian Progressivism Wilson arrived to the White House with a clear set

2 a. Wilsonian Progressivism Wilson arrived to the White House with a clear set plan He wanted to assault what he called the “triple wall of privilege”: tariffs, banks, and trusts Tariffs and Taxes – Wilson reduced tariffs and taxes and used public appeal and eloquent speeches to get the people on his side A new central bank – Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, which issued paper money and created the Federal Reserve Board to oversee the banks of America and protect public interests Anti-trust policy – Congress at the request of Wilson passed the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, which gave the president power to investigate and crush monopolies

2 b. Wilsonian Progressivism Unfortunately, Wilsonian Progressivism had its limits, notably when it came

2 b. Wilsonian Progressivism Unfortunately, Wilsonian Progressivism had its limits, notably when it came to race and better treatment of African-Americans. Southern-bred, Wilson was a big supporter of segregation.

2 b. Wilsonian Progressivism Unfortunately, Wilsonian Progressivism had its limits, notably when it came

2 b. Wilsonian Progressivism Unfortunately, Wilsonian Progressivism had its limits, notably when it came to race and better treatment of African-Americans. Southern-bred, Wilson was a big supporter of segregation.

3 a. , b. Wilson’s Foreign Adventures Wilson was far less imperialistic than Roosevelt

3 a. , b. Wilson’s Foreign Adventures Wilson was far less imperialistic than Roosevelt and he rejected Taft’s “dollar diplomacy”, but he still had his fair share of foreign exploits He upheld the Monroe Doctrine by sending troops to Haiti and the Dominican Republic in 1915 He purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917 His influence on Mexican-U. S. relations provoked attacks by infamous Mexican outlaw Pancho Villa, whom Wilson would pursue by sending General John J. Black Jack Pershing, a veteran of the Spanish-American War.

4. World War Begins In Europe Due to military and imperialistic competition and entangling

4. World War Begins In Europe Due to military and imperialistic competition and entangling alliances in Europe, a war breaks out in 1914. 2 sides The Central Powers – Germany, Austro-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire The Allies – Britain, France, and Russia Americans felt more culturally tied to the Allies, so they supported them and wanted them to win Rich Americans such as J. P. Morgan traded and sent huge sums of money to the Allies American support for the Allies brings upon the U. S. the anger of Germany and the terror of their new naval technology – the U – Boat, what we call today submarines

4. World War Begins In Europe Wilson declares the United States to be officially

4. World War Begins In Europe Wilson declares the United States to be officially neutral Neutrality becomes impossible when Germany begins a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare – basically sinking any ship that isn’t German in Atlantic waters They sank 90 ships during the war, terrorizing the Atlantic Ocean for anyone who wasn’t travelling in a German vessel 1915 – Germany sinks the passenger liner Lusitania, killing 128 Americans Causes a major crisis and brings the U. S. closer to engagement in the war Wilson, doing everything in his power to maintain neutrality, talks Germany into agreeing to the Sussex Pledge, where Germany would agree to leave American ships alone

5. The Election of 1916 While trying to maintain neutrality, Wilson ran for re-election

5. The Election of 1916 While trying to maintain neutrality, Wilson ran for re-election The Republican Party wanted Roosevelt to come back for another try, but he refused to run Republicans nominate ex-New York governor and Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes Wilson wins re-election on an ironic campaign slogan: “He kept us out of war”

The War To End War 1912 - 1916 PAGEANT CHAPTER 31

The War To End War 1912 - 1916 PAGEANT CHAPTER 31

1 a. The U. S. Enters World War I Early 1917 President Woodrow Wilson

1 a. The U. S. Enters World War I Early 1917 President Woodrow Wilson wins a second term as president, but is surrounded by a dark cloud in the form of world war Wilson suggests “Peace without Victory” He keeps his commitment to American neutrality and encourages the Allied and Central Powers to negotiate a peace between them Germans, pull back on the Sussex Pledge and begins unrestricted submarine warfare and sinks 4 unarmed American vessels Then came the Zimmerman Note – a secret telegram sent from Germany to Mexico; an attempt to incite them to invade the United States April of 1917 – Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war and joins the Allies in World War I

1 b. The U. S. Enters World War I “It is a fearful thing

1 b. The U. S. Enters World War I “It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, ” --Woodrow Wilson It would seem that the task of entangling the United States into a world war would be fit for a man like Roosevelt, but it fell to peace-loving, scholarly, Wilson believed, however, that the war had a great moral cause It was a war to make the world safe for democracy Wilson also had high hopes that it would be a war to end war itself Wilson encouraged Americans that this wasn’t a war just to for war’s sake in his Fourteen Points Address, where he outlines his vision for world peace In this address, he proposes the creation of an international peace organization called the League of Nations

2 a. The Home Front Just as important as mobilizing the U. S. military,

2 a. The Home Front Just as important as mobilizing the U. S. military, Wilson needed to mobilize the minds of Americans The U. S. could not fight the war without the support of the people Enter George Creel and the Committee on Public Information His job? To sell America on the war and sell the world on Wilson’s vision New laws were passed to discourage speaking out against the war The Espionage Act of 1917; the Sedition Act of 1918 – limited freedom of speech – Americans could not speak out against the war Anti-war leaders such as Eugene V. Debs were put behind bars for simply giving anti-war speeches

2 b. The Home Front The war mobilization boosted the economy It also triggered

2 b. The Home Front The war mobilization boosted the economy It also triggered a massive population shift: African Americans begin moving from the south to northern cities in search of jobs Women were needed to fill jobs, and they would be rewarded in 1920 by the passage of the 19 th Amendment All citizens were expected to volunteer for the war effort In order to conserve and save food, many, such as future president Herbert Hoover would grow “victory” gardens People made “liberty” loans to the government to help fund the war effort This spirit of self-denial and morality was what fueled the passage of the 18 th Amendment in 1919 – prohibition – making alcohol illegal Selective Service Act – instated the draft – almost 4 million men were drafted to serve; and 11, 000 women

3. Fighting In Europe 1917 – The Russian Revolution – The communist Bolsheviks overthrow

3. Fighting In Europe 1917 – The Russian Revolution – The communist Bolsheviks overthrow the czar and pull out of World War I; this leaves Germany free to push through the eastern front The United States arrives in Europe in 1918 for fighting Americans only took part in two major battles, but it was the bottomless number of American troops that were ready for war that convinced Germany to finally agree to an armistice (ceasefire) on November 11 th, 1918 Veteran’s Day 53, 000 Americans were killed in World War I Russia lost the most – 1, 700, 000 Germany – 1, 600, 000 France – 1, 385, 000 Britain – 900, 000 Italy – 462, 000

4. The Versailles Treaty January 1919 – President Wilson makes a personal visit to

4. The Versailles Treaty January 1919 – President Wilson makes a personal visit to France for the signing of the Versailles Treaty. David Lloyd George of Great Britain Georges Clemenceau of France Unfortunately for Wilson’s vision, world peace was put on the back burner as George and Clemenceau were more interested in punishing Germany rather than making world peace The result – Wilson’s vision never came to fruition The Treaty of Versailles became infamous, rather than famous – its harsh treatment of Germany sets the stage for the rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany and is considered a cause of World War II The League of Nations, which was the centerpiece of Wilson’s Fourteen Points, would be very weak in combating the eventual rise of Nazi Germany

4. The Versailles Treaty January 1919 – President Wilson makes a personal visit to

4. The Versailles Treaty January 1919 – President Wilson makes a personal visit to France for the signing of the Versailles Treaty. This, at the time, was unprecedented as he was the first president to ever travel to Europe. David Lloyd George of Great Britain Georges Clemenceau of France Unfortunately for Wilson’s vision, world peace was put on the back burner as George and Clemenceau were more interested in punishing Germany rather than making world peace The result – Wilson’s vision never came to fruition The Treaty of Versailles became infamous, rather than famous – its harsh treatment of Germany sets the stage for the rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany and is considered a cause of World War II The League of Nations, which was the centerpiece of Wilson’s Fourteen Points, would be very weak in combating the eventual rise of Nazi Germany

5. Failure to Ratify However, though he helped win a world war, Wilson had

5. Failure to Ratify However, though he helped win a world war, Wilson had lost his touch By 1918, the Republicans had captured the majority in Congress After returning from France, President Wilson set out on a vigorous and busy speaking tour to garner support for the League of Nations September 25 th, 1919 – Pueblo, Colorado – Wilson, with tears in his eyes, pleaded for the people to support the League of Nations as the only real hope in preventing future war That night he collapsed from exhaustion Several days later he has a stroke that paralyzes one side of his body He spends his remaining days in office in feeble health The Republicans led by Mass. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, a fierce opponent of Wilson’s, drew up fourteen reservations, an obvious jab at Wilson’s Fourteen Points March 19 th, 1920 – Wilson fails to get the 2/3 congressional majority for the United States to join the League of Nations.

5. Failure to Ratify After his second term, Wilson retires Though his vision was

5. Failure to Ratify After his second term, Wilson retires Though his vision was left incomplete, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919 for his efforts in building the League of Nations The Election of 1920 approaches Republicans nominate Ohio senator Warren G. Harding wins an easy election, riding on the unpopularity of Wilson’s policies Though Wilson’s Fourteen Points was arguably flawed in places, many historians criticize Congress as being “tragically shortsighted” by not approving the U. S. joining the League. Why? U. S. involvement in the League of Nations may very well have prevented the rise of Hitler and World War II.

President Woodrow Wilson

President Woodrow Wilson

President Warren G. Harding

President Warren G. Harding