American Pageant Chapter 34 FDR and the Shadow

American Pageant: Chapter 34 FDR and the Shadow of War

London Economic Conference � 66 nations meet. Purpose and primary goal �Roosevelt pulls out. Why? �Results: �World depression gets worse and everyone pursues their own policies. �Leads to an increase in nationalism. �Reduces chances for international cooperation on other issues

FDR’s Foreign Policy �Increased isolationism �Withdrew from Asia �Tydings-Mc. Duffie Act – independence of the Philippines � 1933 – recognized the Soviet Union

“Good Neighbor Policy” �Renounced armed intervention in Latin America. �Marines left Haiti in 1934; �Cuba, under the Platt Amendment, was released from American control �Mexican government seized American oil properties in 1938, �FDR held to his unarmed intervention policy and a settlement was worked out in 1941

Dictators: Joseph Stalin � 1922: Control of Communist USSR

Dictators: Benito Mussolini � 1922: Italy

Dictators: Adolf Hitler �Nazi Party (Germany) – 1921 �Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)

Isolationism: Dr. Seuss

Neutrality Acts � 1935, 1936, 1937 �No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent. �Provoked aggression

Japan

Japan invades China �In 1937, the Japanese militarists touched off an explosion that led to the all-out invasion of China. �President Roosevelt refused to call the "China incident" an officially declared war. �The Japanese, as a result, were able to continue to buy war supplies in the United States. �In 1937, Japanese planes sunk an American gunboat, the Panay. �Tokyo was quick to make apologies and the United States accepted.

Germany

Hitler’s violation of the Treaty of Versailles � 1935 - mandatory military service in Germany. I � 1936 - took over the demilitarized German Rhineland. �In March 1938, Hitler invaded Austria. �(Note: Austria actually voted for the occupation, fully aware that if it resisted, Germany would forcefully take over Austria. ) �At a conference in Munich, Germany in September 1938, the Western European democracies, unprepared for war, gave away Sudetenland to Germany. �In March 1939, Hitler took control of Czechoslovakia.

WWII in Europe Begins �Hitler-Stalin Pact (1939) �Pact of Steel (1939) �Italy and Germany �Hitler invades Poland on Sept 1, 1939. �Blitzkrieg – “Lightning War” �Britain and France declare war on Germany �Neutrality Act of 1939. �Europeans could buy American war materials as long as they would transport the munitions on their own ships.

Other territorial gains �Soviet Union took Finland �Germany took Denmark and Norway (1940) �Germany took Netherlands and Belgium

Fall of France �May 10 th , 1940 �The battle consisted of two main operations. �Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), German armored units pushed through the Ardennes to cut off and surround the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium. �Fall Rot Case Red), executed from June 5 th, German forces attacked the larger territory of France across the Maginot line. �Italy declared war on France on June 10 th. �The French government fled to Bordeaux and Paris was occupied on June 14 th. �France surrendered on June 25 th.

German occupation

U. S. Reaction �Roosevelt moved with tremendous speed to call upon the nation to build huge air fleets and a two-ocean navy. �Congress approved spending of $37 billion. �On September 6, 1940, Congress passed a conscription law; �First peacetime draft was initiated �provision was made for training 1. 2 million troops and 800, 000 reserves each year. �At the Havana Conference of 1940, �responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine.

Germany v. Britain �August 1940 - The Battle of Britain �Air battle �radio broadcasts brought the drama from London air raids directly to America homes. �On September 2, 1940, President Roosevelt agreed to transfer to 50 destroyers left over from WWI to Britain. �Violated neutrality agreements �In return, Britain agreed to hand over to the United States 8 valuable defensive base sites.

Battle of Britain

Election of 1940 �Republican – Wendell Willkie �Dictatorship of FDR �Inefficiency of the New Deal �Democrat – FDR �experience �Both �Stay out of war �Strengthen defenses �Voters felt FDR more prepared for war

Lend-Lease Bill �Passed fearing the collapse of Britain �American arms could be leased to democracies who needed them. �Abandoned neutrality �Hitler – “unofficial declaration of war” �Robin Moor – merchant ship destroyed by German submarine

Germany v. Soviet Union �June 22, 1941, Hitler attacks the Soviet Union. �Roosevelt made military supplies available. �Atlantic Conference: August 1941. �Roosevelt and Churchill � 8 points � no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants � it affirmed the right of a people to choose their own form of government � declared for disarmament and a peace of security,

Atlantic Conference

Repeal of Neutrality Act �U. S. escorts the shipments of arms to Britain by U. S. warships in July 1941. �In September 1941, the U. S. destroyer Greer was attacked by U-boat �Roosevelt a then proclaimed a shoot-on-sight policy. �Congress voted in November 1941 to repeal the Neutrality Act of 1939, enabling merchant ships to be legally armed and enter the combat zones with munitions for Britain.

U. S. S Greer

“A Day That Will Live in Infamy. ” �Japan had been allied with Germany. �Washington imposed the first of its embargoes on Japan-bound supplies in 1940. �Asked Japan to move out of China �On "Black Sunday" December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor, killing 2, 348 people. �On December 11, 1941, Congress declared war.

Kamikaze Pilots

Declaration of War