Cover Slide The American Pageant Chapter 21 The

Cover Slide The American Pageant Chapter 21 The Furnace of Civil War, 1861 -1865 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863 (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady At the war's end, the U. S. flag flew over the state capitol in Richmond, Virginia, which bore many marks of destruction. (National Archives ) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Antietam In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Antietam by James Hope A painting of the Antietam battlefield by James Hope, a Union soldier of the Second Vermont Infantry, shows three brigades of Union troops advancing under Confederate fire. The building in the painting, a Dunker church, was the scene of furious fighting. (Antietam National Battlefield, Sharpsburg, Maryland) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Atlanta's Depot, 1864 Atlanta's depot in ruins after Sherman's siege of the city in 1864. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Black Troops from Company E, 4 th U. S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in 1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Carver Hospital, Washington, D. C. by Mathew Brady Clean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady An exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam, taken by Mathew Brady, opened in October of 1862 in New York City. Although few knew it, Brady's vision was very poor, and this photograph of Confederate dead was actually made by his assistants, Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Contraband slave group A group of "contrabands" (liberated slaves) photographed at Cumberland Landing, Virginia, May 14, 1862, at a sensitive point in the war when their legal status was still not fully determined. The faces of the women, and children represent the human drama of emancipation. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Eagle cartoon "Annihilation to Traitors, " screams the American Eagle as it watches various evil and slimy creatures hatching in its nest enfolded in the American flag. Various southern secession leaders are named, some being shown as beasts, while a copperhead snake, the popular cartoon image representing northerners who sympathized with the southern cause, prepares to strike at the national symbol. The Union states are represented as healthy eggs, holding out promise for the future. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker During the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow of their hand, " Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it. " (West Point Museum, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S. C by T. H. O'Sullivan, 1862 This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Fording the Rappahannock River When federal troops came close enough those slaves who could do so fled behind Union lines. These Virginia fugitives, lugging all their possessions, move toward freedom in the summer of 1862, after the Second Battle of Bull Run. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Freedom to the Slave, 1863 This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25, 000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Lee with his son after the surrender After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G. W. C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Robert E. Lee Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U. S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Scott's Great Snake General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Sherman's March to the Sea Determined to "make Georgia howl, " William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Soldiers War--Union infantry camp Union soldiers in camp, posing for a photograph, with black servants. The drudgery of camp life never prohibited soldiers from displaying their individuality. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Stand Watie A successful planter following the "Trail of Tears, " Stand Watie allied with the Confederacy in 1861, raising a volunteer regiment called the Cherokee Mounted Rifles. By war's end, Watie had risen to the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate army and was the last field officer to surrender after the fall of Richmond. (Special Collections, John Vaughan Library, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, Oklahoma) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The 17 th Illinois Infantry, 1864 Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17 th Illinois Infantry remained to garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U. S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Union Prisoner at Salisbury, NC Civil War prison camps were not all deprivation. This illustration shows Union prisoners of war playing baseball. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag Like the citizens in western Virginia, people in eastern Tennessee remained faithful to the Union. Men like those shown here swore allegiance to the United States flag and tried to split the state in two--one rebel and the other loyal--but Confederate troops put a stop to their efforts. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

War dead, Fredericksburg Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Wounded at Fredericksburg In this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges. Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg This map shows the campaigns that took place during the winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, culminating in the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863). General Meade's victory at Gettysburg may have been the critical turning point of the war. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Grant's Campaign Against Lee This map shows the series of battles during the late spring of 1864 in which Grant's army suffered staggering casualties, but finally drove Lee into retreat. After holding up for months behind heavy fortifications in Petersburg, Lee made a daring attempt to escape in April 1865 but was headed off by General Philip Sheridan's troops. Grant quickly closed in on the greatly weakened Confederate army, forcing Lee's surrender. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Mc. Clellan's Campaign The water route chosen by Mc. Clellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Sherman's March to the Sea The West proved a decisive theater at the end of the war. From Chattanooga, Union forces drove in to Georgia, capturing Atlanta. Then General Sherman embarked on his march of destruction through Georgia to the coast and then northward through the Carolinas. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam This map illustrates the anaconda plan at work. The Union navy closed southern harbors while Grant's troops worked to seal the northern end of the Mississippi River. The map also shows the Battle of Antietam (September 1862), in which Confederate troops under Robert E. Lee were finally defeated by the Union army under General George Mc. Clellan. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Battle of Gettysburg In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50, 000 men. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Sea Islands The island chain was the site of unique wartime experiments in new social policies. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The War in the East, 1861 -1862 Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The War in the East, 1863 Victorious at Chancellorsville in May 1863, Lee again invaded Union territory but was decisively stopped at Gettysburg. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Grant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast, taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The War in Virginia, 1864 -1865 At great cost, Grant hammered away at Lee's army until the weakened southern forces finally surrendered at the Appomattox Court House. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Union Offensives into Virginia, 1861 -1862 This map shows two failed Union attempts to invade Virginia: the Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) and the Peninsular Campaign (August 1862). Confederate victories embarrassed the richer and more populous Union. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: War in the West, 1861 -1863 Here is an overview of the Union's successful campaigns in the west and its seizure of key points on the Mississippi River, as well as along the Atlantic coast in 1862 and 1863. These actions were decisive in paving the way for ultimate northern victory. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.