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Class: B. Sc II yr, paper no. : Paper name: Ecology

Digestion in vertebrates � Buccal digestion � Mouth prepares the food for digestion � in higher animal the digestion of nutritive substance of food stuff begins in buccal cavity

salivary glands � In the buccal cavity of most vertebrate four pair of salivary gland are found � This are the infra orbital parotid sublingual and sub maxillary glad � In human there are only three pair their being no infra orbitals

Salivary gland of human

Parotid glands � These are the largest of the salivary gland found lying one on each side of face below the ears � These open into mouth opposite the site of the second upper molar teeth

Submaxillary glands � These gland Ares fond within lower jaws � These gland contest serous

Sublingual glands � These are embedded in the mucous membrane in floor of the buccal cavity

Saliva and its functions � Its mixed secretion of buccal gland the saliva viscous colour less cloudy liquid the p. H ranges 5. 6 -7. 6 � The saliva moistens the food and lubricating its passage � It content 98. 5 -99% water and 1 -1. 2% dense residue which include the following � Cellular component i. e. epithelial and leucocyte in organic component. It also consist inorganic and organic component

function � It moistens dry food and facilats by lubricating action � It provides an enzymes called salivary amylase � It digest starch � It keeps mouth and teeth clean

Movement of food from buccal cavity to pharyn. X � It is voluntary control , the tongue puss the food towards the teeth for breakdown

Movement of food from buccal cavity to pharynx

Movement of food from pharynx to oesophagous � Seens the pharynx is communicated with both oesophagous and trachea � The tongue move back like piston towards the posterior pharyngeal wall and forces to food bolus

Alimentery canal of human

4. Movement of food from oesophagous to stomach � It is a tubular structure that connects the bucopharyngeal region to the stomach � The food bolus carried down by the peristaltic movement of the oesophagous to the stomach

5. Gastric digestion � The gastric gland on the basis of there distribution in the stomach can be classified as below � Cardiac gland, cardiac glands, fundal glands, pyloric glands The gastric juice includes sodium chlorides potassium phosphates and enzymes pepsin, rennin, and gastric lypage It consist HCL

6. Enzymes & their action � Pepsin it is the proteolitic enzyme of gastric juice � Due to HCL it converts active pepsin having p. H 1. 6 -2. 4 � It digest pepton

7. Digestion in the small intestines � The small intestine content glands i. e. duodenal and intestinal gland � The intestinal juice consist erepsine lypage enteropepeptidase maltose, lactose, invertase, sucrose, nuclease etc.

8. Pancreatic juice – Nature & Action of Pancreatic enzymes � In man about 500 -800 ml secreted daily � It consist 98% of water and 2% of solid substance � It consist sodium bicarbonate , disodium phosphate , hydrogen phosphate � It consist enzyme trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxy treptided pancreopeptided

9. Digestion in the large intestine � In mammal the medium of stomach is acidic due to HCL

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